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If you could post your opinions of it that would be good. E he has 40 seconds before the drums come in and it has to be perfect. Believe it or not, if you think about the godly sexual desire and what that means see https:

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I would say we attacked a lot of things at once. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. 7 inch android phones how to unlock I dont have this pump — so I can't confirm what I have written — but this my understanding from reading posts here and other places. After six months of raw, colors, skins, seeds, ect. Another other issue is the effective mixing of return water.

Finally Solve Your Toughest Horse Hoof Problems

However, I have a Certificate of Analysis here from one of my vendors for Magnesium Citrate and the amount of actual magnesium is I get the frustration. How would you compare to others and what would be your rating?

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Second, he had 12 followers who traveled with him everywhere. The trip is reset by cooling it down and restarting it. Hi, I'm not really sure how good these pumps are as they're relatively new. But this is where the Lord has me and I have to live with it.

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07.02.2018 - Sexual purity is for men and women, bottom line. Impressed that you even included your name. What you hear on Pompeii is mainly the Tube Drivers, which are set for clean, overdrive and distortion. Unfortunately, I fell again, cause I wanted it to stop bugging me. You might find it a tad bright with the Fender amp but with some tweaking on the amp and pedal, it should work nicely.

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02.03.2018 - I used it just for boosting the musket or the soul food. That's pretty much it, the savings claimed are the combined effect of running a more efficient pump power input vs. Have you told the Viron Guys about including in their instructions "shading the motor" or "ventilating " the "box"? And the intestines colic anyone? See my full review of the Fire Bottle here. A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge. I am now at a happy and peaceful state which I hope will keep fortifying me in His love.

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26.02.2018 - I'm an engineer, not a sales guy. There are trials in life, and some of us can hope for our reward later. There is a toggle that allows you to select between three different types of gains. Unwanted singleness is an unfair human condition. Hi Bjorn, I have a Hiwatt custom 20 sa and i was wondering would a ehx soul food or fulltone ocd be better for a well balanced overdrive sound? Oznetics the Davey pump you refer to has a motor output power of W, its input is W, which means it uses far more juice than the Viron.

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Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads.

They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. Horses have 64 chromosomes. Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described by a specialized vocabulary.

Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. Many genes that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencing coat color, [44] and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits.

The basic coat colors of chestnut and black are determined by the gene controlled by the Melanocortin 1 receptor, [45] also known as the "extension gene" or "red factor," [44] as its recessive form is "red" chestnut and its dominant form is black.

Horses that have a white coat color are often mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is usually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, but usually keep black skin underneath their white hair coat with the exception of pink skin under white markings.

The only horses properly called white are born with a predominantly white hair coat and pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence. The estrous cycle of a mare occurs roughly every 19—22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn.

Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. Larger horses have larger bones; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to form bone tissue, but the epiphyseal plates are larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone.

These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development. Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four.

The horse skeleton averages bones. The horse's legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist.

Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock incorrectly called the "ankle" is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human.

A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof.

The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse". The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of keratin, the same material as a human fingernail.

The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed and horseshoes reset, if used every five to eight weeks, [65] though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain.

Horses are adapted to grazing. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit.

There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.

An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet.

This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear. Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day.

Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. Horses are not ruminants, they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can utilize cellulose, a major component of grass.

Horses are hindgut fermenters. Cellulose fermentation by symbiotic bacteria occurs in the cecum, or "water gut", which food goes through before reaching the large intestine.

Horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly cause colic, a leading cause of death. The horses' senses are based on their status as prey animals, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times.

Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not quite as good as that of a dog. It is believed to play a key role in the social interactions of horses as well as detecting other key scents in the environment.

Horses have two olfactory centers. The first system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the Vomeronasal organs, also called Jacobson's organs.

These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze pheromones. A study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music.

This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed proprioception —the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times.

The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose. Horses have an advanced sense of taste, which allows them to sort through fodder and choose what they would most like to eat, [79] and their prehensile lips can easily sort even small grains.

Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants, however, there are exceptions; horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.

All horses move naturally with four basic gaits: Horses are prey animals with a strong fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened.

Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses.

Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans.

They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses.

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system.

They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning.

They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. Domesticated horses may face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that prevent instinctive behavior whilst also learning tasks that are not natural.

One trainer believes that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that best fits with an individual animal's natural inclinations.

Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not body temperature.

For example, the "hot-bloods", such as many race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, [96] while the "cold-bloods", such as most draft breeds, are quieter and calmer.

They are bred for agility and speed. Muscular, heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods", as they are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people.

Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of sport horse breeds that are used for competition in dressage and show jumping. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.

Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a " stay apparatus " in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing.

A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger. Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest.

Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements.

The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee, [] known informally as splint bones.

Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America. By about 15, years ago, Equus ferus was a widespread holarctic species.

A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually feral horses, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals.

The Przewalski's horse Equus ferus przewalskii, named after the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; Mongolian people know it as the taki, and the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag.

The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between and, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In, it was reestablished in the wild due to the conservation efforts of numerous zoos.

The tarpan or European wild horse Equus ferus ferus was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became extinct in, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo.

Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, [] [] [] which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.

Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relict populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic.

For example, the Riwoche horse of Tibet was proposed as such, [] but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses. Besides the horse, there are seven other species of genus Equus in the Equidae family.

Horses can crossbreed with other members of their genus. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a "jack" male donkey and a mare. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a stallion and a jenny female donkey.

Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to BC. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world.

The first source is based on palaeological and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from sites in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, dating to approximately — BC. Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations.

The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, [] [] while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, [] [] but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA.

Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypotheses were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication.

Feral horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals. There are also semi-feral horses in many parts of the world, such as Dartmoor and the New Forest in the UK, where the animals are all privately owned but live for significant amounts of time in "wild" conditions on undeveloped, often public, lands.

Owners of such animals often pay a fee for grazing rights. The concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry has come to be particularly significant and important in modern times.

Sometimes purebred horses are incorrectly or inaccurately called "thoroughbreds". Thoroughbred is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse or any other animal with a defined pedigree recognized by a breed registry.

These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and artificial selection methods. Horses have been selectively bred since their domestication. An early example of people who practiced selective horse breeding were the Bedouin, who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their Arabian horses and placing great value upon pure bloodlines.

Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work. One of the earliest formal registries was General Stud Book for Thoroughbreds, which began in and traced back to the foundation bloodstock for the breed.

Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures and have done so for millennia. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes.

The Food and Agriculture Organization FAO estimates that in, there were almost 59,, horses in the world, with around 33,, in the Americas, 13,, in Asia and 6,, in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania.

There are estimated to be 9,, horses in the United States alone. Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity; [] to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a saddle on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a bridle or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control.

Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle.

Many sports, such as dressage, eventing and show jumping, have origins in military training, which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as rodeo, developed from practical skills such as those needed on working ranches and stations.

Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport.

The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.

Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting.

They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation.

The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task.

Horse racing is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them.

For example, mounted police horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas.

Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. Law enforcement officers such as park rangers or game wardens may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.

In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of draft animals such as horses. Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes.

Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action historical reenactments of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles.

Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events. Horses are frequently seen in television, films and literature.

They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories. People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from association with horses.

Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence.

In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.

Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce recidivism when they leave.

Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between and BC, [] and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the Bronze Age.

Horses have been used in the 21st century by the Janjaweed militias in the War in Darfur. Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the Mongols, who let it ferment to produce kumis. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat.

Horse meat has been used as food for humans and carnivorous animals throughout the ages. It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is taboo in some cultures, [] and a subject of political controversy in others.

Horse hooves can also be used to produce animal glue. Horses are grazing animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality forage from hay or pasture.

Horses require routine hoof care from a farrier, as well as vaccinations to protect against various diseases, and dental examinations from a veterinarian or a specialized equine dentist.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Horse disambiguation. Equine coat color, Equine coat color genetics, and Horse markings. I hear you Nicola — no one is a bigger proponent of natural than me!

We cannot claim that the worm egg reduction is due to the DE. However, regardless of worming efficacy the DE is likely beneficial for a number of reasons, so no harm in continuing.

What am I missing? I re-did the calculations for both products and the comparisons are now correct. Hi GK — am I missing something here… cause your horse looks in great condition!

I would not call him overweight at all. Is it the photo?? Do you know what breed s he is? Oh his pictures are deceptive! He is pure Arabian — built very round barreled and broad shouldered.

He looks like a real character and I love his coloring. Have you noticed any clear markers or effects that you can attribute to the magnesium supplementation?

Or is his progress more of a holistic process, with many factors contributing to his improvement? I would say we attacked a lot of things at once. He has a gone from pure lush pasture when I bought him in May to adding a ration balancer, biotin, and flax.

His mane and tale improved immensely with that. I also keep up with worming per fecal counts. He has had chiro, massage, and just more recently a full osteopathic body session. I added the Mg in almost 3 months ago and have finally started noticing a softening of the crest in his neck.

Now that we have saddle fit issues under control again he goes back into more consistent riding and I expect to see even more change — plus with it being winter I think the extra calories burnt keeping warm are helping!

Just as a note on the upload — it says a 10MB limit, but I had to re-save pictures as smaller files, like under 1MB to upload normal size is only MB. Very interesting and thanks for giving us all the details — what a wonderful horse steward you are!

It looks like Dr. So — as someone who formulates health supplements — her terminology is not quite correct, but I think she is striving to put things in terms the average horse owner can understand.

Magnesium is usually in a base or carrier substrate of some kind. However, I have a Certificate of Analysis here from one of my vendors for Magnesium Citrate and the amount of actual magnesium is So you can use her Percent Magnesium column as a guide, but if you can, check the supplement bottle to see if they provide that information.

THEN you have to adjust for absorption rates. This article gives a REALLY good explanation of how it all works and the actual absorption rates of the different forms of magnesium:. Maybe email her and ask her to provide her research on that figure.

Let us know if you find out! Hi I have a head strong gelding, I used another supplement with magnesium and other ingredients but am finding it very expensive to give on a regular basis.

I have noticed a dramatic difference in feeding the supplement in his ability to stay calm and not be flighty. I am wondering if I can just feed the feed grade magnesium oxide on a daily basis and how much to feed.

He weighs around lbs. You can either follow Dr. Thanks for this Jini, I am going to get the magnesium for my horses and other supplements you are mentioning on the other post. Oh, and the cookie link does not work anymore.

Any ideas about that? Hmmm seems her entire site has gone AWOL! You could also make magnesium horse cookies yourself — it is heat resistant so can be baked in. If you find a good recipe, please share it with us!

At least, not at the level you think. Depends on the producer and the source. No, unfortunately that is not what the label means. First of all, magnesium and any mineral needs to be in some kind of form bound or chelated to another substance — e.

If there is only pure magnesium, then it would be atom-sized magnesium, which is a nano-particle. It is most certainly what it means. The percentage reflects the proportion of magnesium by weight contained in mag oxide.

It can be easily calculated by anyone with access to the periodic table. I have a bit of background in the sciences and in horses, as well, including many years of teaching equine nutrition.

To know how much magnesium oxide is in the bag and how much filler, substrate, etc. I would need to see a Certificate of Analysis from the raw supplier. But as you can see from the supplier Certificate of Analysis, this product also contains acacia gum, maltodextrin and DL-Alpha-Tocopherol — none of which would appear on any label, nor are they required by law to appear.

What am I missing here? Then the vendor is going to list that on the supplement label as X mcg of Chromium Citrate — the vendor is not going to tell me how much cellulose is in the product.

So, in that case, it would not mean that 2. It means that 2. Do you get what I mean? Minimum magnesium Mg content must be specified. Since the nutrient of interest is the mineral magnesium only, the amount of magnesium in the bag is the only thing that AAFCO is interested in.

The oxygen is irrelevant here. This is not your world, then. Again, the oxygen portion of the compound is irrelevant for our purposes.

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19.03.2018 - Stacking is always a hot topic and not alaways that easy to understand. Now, to the issue of the scripture. Same character and transparent tone. Zte grand s flex vs htc desire 601 - Version note... Which I suppose is true in Vermont, where some things are simpler. I was under the impression you were obliged to include PFC on switching devices such as inverter drives? I would start with a distortion for the big lead tones, an overdrive for rhythms and the milder leads and a delay.

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23.03.2018 - Try to set the pre-stage at the very edge of break up and the master volume as desired. The horse's legs and hooves are also unique structures. Oneplus z line designs flat panel tv stand - Windo... Go to bible classes, seminars, and retreats that your church holds and let them get to know you. Not that it is needed, just for sake of knowing the analogy for not choking the signal.

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06.02.2018 - As always, thanks again for your amazing kindness and time in sharing all of this information with us and helping us all to understand our sounds better. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Further, some research indicates that horses are more stressed by the short format than by the careful warm-up inherent in the classic format. Oneplus t mobile offers for new customer only - Zi... Ask your married friends if they will tell you the truth. Much more of that early JTM Marshall kind of tone.

The pump would be housed in a large custom made ventilated box on a southern wall and I would use it as intended, on low. My current pump is working fine but after I did the math on how much electricity it uses I knew it was time to spend some money to save some money.

By engineering a 3 speed motor to suit the pump, the Viron pump would unquestionably reduce energy demand and running costs. Pump technology is rapidly evolving. To see the not too distant future and learn why current pumps are noisy and inefficient: To really save on energy and chemical expenses plus have a healthier pool, have a look at some of the ioniser pool systems now available.

Being in the N. No worries, glad to help. It's much better from a technical view, at least to run the pump at night time but I've heard that some councils object to the noise pollution.

The variable speed motor is pretty quiet at low speed so if you don't tell, they probably won't know. Also means you can take advantage of reduced rate tarriffs if available. It's interesting how quick the payback is in this particular situation, similar to the energy saving light bulbs but with much greater effect.

I guess once this idea gets some critical mass things will get interesting. Seems like you have a good handle on the situation but feel free to ask if there is anything more you'd like to know.

At some point I guess there will be some sort of "green regulations" insisting that pipe design be efficient, the payback period on this is also probably quite short. I do know several people here that use the pool blankets, it's another technology that should really be more widespread.

It is interesting that California has already legislated the use of pool pumps with at least 2 speeds, a foreteller of the future! Meanwhile back in Oz, incorporating pool and spa pumps into the WELS scheme continues to be delayed, the last introductory date of July this year now been set for sometime in Unfortunately, energy ratings and legislation are worlds apart and I cannot imagine Oz policy makers taking the brave steps that California has.

I think this link will be of widespread interest to you: Hi Revid, California always seem to be a bit ahead of everyone else, so it's probable that we will eventually see this kind of legislation in Aus.

Might be a while. The vortex dynamics stuff is very interesting. There isn't much variation in the general design of the pump impellers that I have seen so it's good to see some people trying to improve here.

Clearly there is scope for improvement at the wet end. Another issue is that none of the pumps out there right now are optimised for variable speed as this has previously not been a cost effective option for them this is an issue we see across many industries as we introduce variable speed product.

I should mention that the big energy saver in this case is the ability to reduce the speed, for the hydrodynamic reasons I mentioned earlier. Further improving efficiency in the motor or pump will certainly help and may be worth having but I don't think there are similarly sized huge jumps in energy reduction available this way.

Hi Russ, sorry I probably wasn't clear earlier. My company doesn't make any pumps, just the variable speed motor for driving the pump. We sell this to other companies who add the pump i.

I can possibly still help you out, a website for the product named in this forum can be found at the link below. Efficiency is harder, there are no clear standards on this so it's hard to know what to publish, and consequently most pump manufacturers don't publish any detail.

I believe that there is a calculator on this web page which gives an indication of expected electrical power consumption, however. Unfortunately, that link you posted doesn't indicate power consumption anywhere, as far as I can tell, let alone power consumption at various flow rates or heads.

Grundfos certainly do, and it makes discerning claims of efficiency and power saving much easier to comprehend and compare. Then again, I'm not sure if they make pool pumps Do you sell variable speed motors to general public too, for home projects?

Not sure if I missed your Co web page. Hi Russ, unfortunately power consumption is quite critically dependent on the pump used and the operating point for the pump, so I can't give you any general figures here for an apple to apple comparison.

I guess that there needs to be some sort of standard "combined cycle" i. As I mentioned earlier this is fundamentally due to the reduced system losses at lower speeds. If you do ever measure the power yourself, please ensure that you take a high bandwidth current and voltage measurement i.

A trap for the uninitiated! Can you link to some of the Grundfos data you mention? We can then cite this as a good example of a way to present the data, to our pump customers.

George, on your note, unfortunately no, we only do OEM supply. What application did you have in mind? Was this with a load on the impeller ie. If it was, do you know what the effective head was?

Looking at the only performance chart available for the Viron P I was under the impression you were obliged to include PFC on switching devices such as inverter drives?

Good question — I'll have a look around — I spent a while looking into efficiency about 10 years ago when purchasing one of their borehole pumps which are PM motors with electronic drives — a brief look doesn't seem to show any other pumps that use PMs.

Their variable-speed pumps all seem to be conventional VFDs. Grinder, Dill press and few more home workshop applications. I like the idea of variable motor speed.

The most common solution to this is a variable speed drive also called a variable frequency drive and are used a lot for lathes — they're most easily retro-fitted to 3 phase motors, although I've seen suggestions that they're also available for single phase motors.

Hello all, I have the viron pump and viron water balance system installed about 13 months pool capacity litres I run the pump on low speed auto starts on high speed for 5 mins runs from 6am to 8am in morning and from 6pm to 9pm in the evening.

The water balance system is fully automated just connect acid container to one inlet and chlorine container to other inlet and that is it. Since installation there has been very little change to my energy bills.

Couldnt recommend it highly enough, Peter. He must have got a pool installed with the viron pool pump — prior to that he might not had a pool at all. So he is comparing electricity cost between having a pool and not having a pool — and if this is the case then that is very impressive.

Pool is roughly litres inground in suburban Wollongong, and the old pump, Onga, was becoming unreliable, sometimes not starting etc. The Viron is somewhat larger and uses 50 mm fittings as opposed to my 40 mm existing pipework so some plumbing rearrangements were required.

Power measurements taken with with salt cell switched off, Old pump watts Viron High speed, watts Viron Low speed, watts. Hopefully this will reduce my power consumption on the next bill and maintain an attractive pool.

Bear in mind a new installation with recommended pipe diameters and efficient filter mediums also play a large part in energy consumption. My installation with 50mm piping and cartridge filters has 5psi pressure in the filter system on high speed with clean cartridges this will increase to psi when cartridges need cleaning.

Correct filter pressure and maintenance is critical for low energy consumption. This would be the same with any pump setup not just the viron system. I have a seperate viron pump for the solar heating much smaller but same style dc motor You only need a small pump for solar heating as the slower the water circulation speed allows for greater heat absorbtion into system.

I've now plumbed in the Viron P pump i purchased. Depending on the diameter of the elbows, the friction loss for each 90 degree elbow you discarded would be the equivalent of about 1. Is the Viron much quieter than the older pumps or even the newer normal pumps?

I am putting in new pool a in a month or so and got the choice of a Viron or a Hurlcon. I was wondering if I have to box it in to block some of the noise from the neighbours.

Hurlcon make the Viron P I am so following this thread That is a great idea, there must be a temp sensor switch out there that would control the pump depending on temp set. Okay, I was having a search around the other day as our existing pump is up for some minor maintenance repairs as the mechanical seal on the shaft has developed a small leak.

Anyway, I came across this thread and the Viron P as I was particularly searching for energy efficient pumps and I have come back now to post what I have found and my own comments and analysis.

Generally my background involves designing industrial pipe and pumping systems so while I don't do pool systems I do have a good idea what is what but I'm not interested in having a mines-bigger-than-yours regarding qualifications.

A bit nerdy but worth a look. The first thing I noticed is that the figures aren't what I would say are an apple-for-apples comparison. That is the two Turnover figures for Current and P aren't the same.

Now as has been commented previously friction losses head loss in flow follows a square-law so doubling the flow rate through the same pipe will increase head and power required by a factor of four.

Tripling will increase by a factor of nine. I noted above there was a discussion with regard to pump efficiencies being published by manufacturers. I have never seen this done for pool pumps despite my looking and requesting it from manufacturers, but they are typically provided for industrial applications, both for fixed and variable speed curves.

It's not a pump of publication related to pool pumps but in the link below, if you go to Figure at the bottom of page 82 you can see a variable speed pump curve that also plot hydraulic efficiencies.

Don't get caught up with the rest of the document as I just used it as a ready example of what pump curves can be provided. For those that know their pump theory you will see that this single pump curve also has NPSHr data plotted as well.

I can also get a curve showing efficiency for my submersible bore pump that is a fixed speed 1kW pump so it is not to do with size. There are many manufacturers that do this so I personally find it disappointing that these aren't available for pool applications.

Without this it is not possible to do a proper design of a system as you are having a guess at the best-efficiency-point BEP for the pump and system. If you can calculate or experiment with your currently installed pump, possibly you can have quite singificant savings too without getting expensive replacement.

No expert, but got impression that resistance of system plays role pipes sizes and probably configuration too — like sharp 90 deg bend over large radius one. And ultimately revs of the pump, if pump can be slowed down, sure volume will drop, but maybe all the water does not have to go through filter 5 times a day to be clean enough?

If pump can be slowed down and not overheat to burnout and still pump enough water then any pump can be used for that even one you have now. Years later when buying a 2kW bore pump, I found that Grundfos provide extremely comprehensive data, including efficiency curves, and again more recently when buying a considerably bigger irrigation pump, it was the same case again — although both of these pumps were multi-stage units.

I'm also approaching the point where I may need to replace our pool pump, and am now wondering whether getting a 3 phase pool pump and using a cheap variable speed drive might be a low-cost way of improving energy usage — dial it down for general use and wind it up for cleaning.

Some contributors appear to have failed to recognise that the virion efficiency is due to the use of the variable drive and not due to the combination of both the drive and pump.

The lower drive speed is more hydraulically efficient, not the pump itself and talk of pump efficiency can be confusing. Additionally, it is not simply a matter of connecting a pump to a variable speed drive, the motor and pump's 'sweet spots' must be in sync for best results and it is here where the motor's designers appear to have excelled.

The pump itself offers no technical breakthrough. No expert, but got impression that resistance of system plays role pipes sizes and probably configuration too — like sharp 90 deg bend over large radius one And ultimately revs of the pump, if pump can be slowed down, sure volume will drop, but maybe all the water does not have to go through filter 5 times a day to be clean enough?

Note that these are not comparable figures and are refering to different things. I've given it some thought based on my figures and I'm afraid that I just can't justify a Viron P based on savings.

The pool is approx 35,L and I don't have any issues with this shorter run time and it still allows the solar heating system to run during winter and gain the main heat during the day. The only problem I have had with the existing pump is the mechanical seal which is a wear item.

Fortunately I am able to replace this myself so it only costs me the cost of the kit. So what's the warranty on the Viron? And with the variable speed control etc mounted on the pump it is something else that may fail and need repair and I'm guessing that it wouldn't be cheap or able to be done DIY even if they would sell the parts to you in the future.

Sorry, but I just can't come at it for now. Yes I'm sure there is a true saving but at this point there is too much of a premium in cost. I'll wait another years once I repair the existing pump and then revisit the market.

I'm sure there will me more of a push for efficiency by then and maybe I wil be able to get pump curves showing hydraulic efficiency as well. Essentially this can be achieved with any pump and pool system and this is where I think pool pump manufacturers are letting themselves down.

I also think alot of pool builders are to blame as they are probably specifying things on the smaller side in order to keep initial costs down. There is a benefit to increasing piping size and there would also be a benefit for using a larger filter.

Both these allow a reduction in power needed to achieve the same flow rate but I understand that there is a limit with filters that you need a minimum flow rate I haven't touched on this in the previous Viron discussion but it doesn't take much to have a siginificant effect.

It really comes down to doing a good design of the system including pump, filter, piping and fittings and I just don't think that the pool shops and builders are really given the tools required by the manufacturers to achieve this.

In looking at a system it depends on where the main losses are. It may be the filter or piping or a combination of both. But for those with an existing system then there will be some benefit in replacing the piping with the next size up but to do it properly should be all the piping on both the lines 'to' and 'from' the pool.

The other option could be to effectively 'slow' the pump down and you could potentially do this without touching the existing piping. Now depending on the minimum flow rates that you may need on your filter, then installing a smaller pool pump may be able to achieve the same thing.

Basically what are trying to do is find a smaller pump with a curve that would sit 'below' the existing if you where to plot them on the same graph. This will reduce the flow rate through the piping which means that the friction losses will be reduced.

In considering this, just keep in mind that you will have to increase the minimum run time same as what you would need to do with a Viron to keep the same number of Pool-Turnovers each day.

Effectively what you are doing this way is the same as the Viron and you are turning the same amount of water over but taking longer to do it. As the friction is related to the square of the velocity maths — sorry then this means that even if you halve the velocity and double the flow run-time to get the same total flow then you will use less power.

How much less will depend on the pool piping and filter system. Yes the Viron claims to have a more efficient motor and perhaps a better wet-end but you can do a lot to improve an existing pool pump system without paying for this premium.

So my pool pump crapped itself today — Waterco 0. Make some calls around and see what you are quoted. Obviously if you just go and buy the same then it will just slip in to the exisitng piping.

So if it's been a relaible pump up to now then why would you look at any other brand? They are all much the same as far as design and reliability. Like anything, there are many opinions and each brand has a whole lot of people that claim they'll never touch it again.

I think it depends on your local support and repair options available, so ask who repairs a certain brand locally that you are considering and then go and ask that guy his own thoughts.

Have you taken it in to see what the actualy problem is? It could be fairly basic if you're lucky. Anyway, as I've given in my previous posts I don't think the Viron savings are going to be as high as claimed since they seem to have selected a suitable comparison though they haven't published much of the details.

Give some thought to just replacing it with the same or similar other brand. Then think about how much you really need to run it to maintain the pool chlorine levels etc.

I've had many pool shops tells me that I have to run it for 8 hours a day at least, but my own experience and testing chlorine levels show that 6 hours or less is more than enough.

In fact running a pump less hours will also have it last longer as the seals etc only have a certain life run hours so if you run less hours per day then the pump will last longer before needing repairs.

So it basically becomes a trade off between running a smaller pump for longer hours each day to save on energy costs due to low flow velocities in pipes against the increase in maintenance due to longer run hours each day.

Did you have a look at how much it would cost you to do it with your existing system? Viron pump seems to be cheaper on-line too, so things get better. Slowing pump down gives chance to extend time between repairs too as seals can last so many revs.

I knew the prices locally were high and when I looked on line the few wanted you to contact them first to get a quote. Given the inflated prices of the other pumps at the local distributor of the Viron I was guessing there was a fair margin on these Viron units also.

PVC fittings aren't cheap and as 40mm is a common size it is often significantly cheaper than even small sizes and 50mm does cost more. The time and effort in upgrading existing piping is also significant.

That's why I put forward the option of using a 'smaller' pump that will have a reduced flow rate. There's a fair bit of analysis to weigh up these sort of options of speed and maintenance.

In theory you are really chasing the sweet-spot between these operating vs maintenance combined with the initial cost of a pump. What you are not going to get from manufacturers of this equipment is detailed maintenance costs or periods on seal life etc and it's over-analysing something like this sort of system.

My own feel is that running a smaller size standard pump is cheaper up-front, more reliable with cheaper maintenance repairs, and will deliver a reduction in running cost due to low velocity through the piping and filter.

I've been considering re-plumbing the piping in 50mm, mainly because much of the pipework has to be re-done anyway due to other factors like the ground slumping, cracking the existing pipes All that said, given how often the suction basket fills up with crud, I kind of wonder if trying to improve the flow on the suction side is kind of missing the wood for the trees.

I kind of wonder if trying to improve the flow on the suction side is kind of missing the wood for the trees. For my own interest I have done some calculations on what might be expected in going from a W to a W pump on the same system.

The power is reduced but so is the flow rate so I have factored the running costs to have an equivalent total flow turn-over per day. No — it is just as important as the losses on the discharge side of the pump.

In fact for maintaining a long life of your pump the suction can be said to be more important. If you let your strainer basket block too much and the pump is left to run then this can cause cavitation on the impeller of the pump and is caused by the extra pressure drop on the suction of the pump.

This will damage your impeller over time. Keep in mind that the pump is providing power to all the flow losses on both suction and discharge so keeping the friction losses on each side is equally important.

For the same reason, regular cleaning of the filter basket, and backwashing of the filter will save you problems as well as running costs. If you have to replace the PVC anyway then yes I would suggest going up one size.

Suction is typically a larger size 50mm but even that would be worth going up another step if you are going through the process. I think so too, also considering the pool jet outlets for my pool are 2 x 25mm in 40mm pipe.

Yep not much you can do here with an existing pool and they are essentially a fixed 'loss' but if you are replacing the rest of the main PVC runs then you may as well go up a size where you can on the longer runs.

Depending on the drop in friction there will be a slight increase in flow rate despite the lower velocity in the pipes bigger sectional area is related to the square of the diameter, etc so you could potentially drop the hours needed to run each day to achieve the same turn-over but it's hard to guess how much we're talking as it depends on the system.

Unless you were already needing to replace the PVC or going with a new pool then I wouldn't bother going to this extent. To put it into perspective, our pool spends pretty much the whole year with a Hayward cleaner shuffling about the floor of the pool on the end of a 10m length of corrugated pool hose which I suspect exhibits fairly horrible friction compared to the PVC that runs back to the pump.

As part of the re-piping, I'm pondering getting the pool guy out to see if the skimmer arrangement can be re-jigged to allow a bit more flexibility in operation. It'd be great to be able to have the cleaner only running every third day or so.

It's only more important with regard to NPSH and if you are causing cavitation issues with the pump. If not then the same length of hose on either the suction or discharge of the pump will have the same effect with regard to pump performance or the flow rate achieved.

It's a matter of cavitation sensitivity that puts the pump upstream of the filter and as close as practical to the skimmer box. Is the Viron P the main model in Australia to look at?

Are there other options in the same price range? Hello all, I think this thread is starting to loose the original plot. Without going in to pump peformance curves, friction losses, mechanical seal losses eg: The Jandy pump would appear to have similar charistics to the viron and I would assume it would also be flexible in operation and energy efficient.

Please dont take offence anybody just trying to give a real world opinion to help others with a pump selection. I'm pretty much set on getting the Viron but just need to convince myself that extra bit re how it sits against the Intelliflo mainly.

Hello, Had a look at the Intelliflow website and indead it would appear to be a very capable pump with perhaps even more flexibility than the viron. I cant comment on power savings in real comparisins but both pumps have the same style motors and the intelli on paper would seem to be able to match the flow of the viron at a lower rpm so I would assume it has the potential to be as efficient as the maker claims.

Secondly, the control panel on the Intelliflow appears identical to the control pad for Danfoss Aquadrive industrial variable speed drives - they've re-labelled all the buttons and changed the interface, but all the button and LED positions look identical.

This makes me think the motor is a standard 3 phase unit with the variable speed drive converting the single-phase supply to drive the pump. This is a bit of a different approach to the Viron and its PM motor.

My gut feeling is that the Viron may be an overall more efficient design. But the high flow rate and suction head caused cavitation. I overcame this by hooking the main drain and the skimmer box lines together then to the pump and increasing the output head by reducing eyeball outlet size.

However I would be keen to explore whether the Viron would work 1. Looking at Hurlcon specs of both these pumps, the pump housings havd the same dimensions so the Viron pump would be easy to install.

With the Veron starting off in its hi-power mode for 5 mins it is probably similar to the BX 1. If I could achieve a flow rate of LPM in low power mode then i would need to run the Viron for 8 hrs to turn the water over once per day.

The performance curve suggests with an output head of 6 metres this is possible. However in real life the extra suction head on the inlet side may reduce the flow rate further. Will my Hurclon zeolite filter work effectively at such a low flow rate max flow is LPM.

Spoke to a Hurlcon technician who says my PX sand filter will be too big for the Viron P, in that it will not have a high enough flow rate to back wash the filter properly.

He said he could not be sure how the Viron P would function 1. So I did these calculations - the literature claims a sand filter needs to have a design flow rate of GPM per sq ft.

Converting this to metric and making it relevant to the RX which has a surface area of 0. The RX ideal flow rate is therefore lpm. The Hurlcon data sheet suggests a "flow rate" of lpm for the RX presumably this is max flow rate.

If the flow rate is less than lpm then the filter media cannot be cleaned sufficiently during backwash. If the flow rate exceeds lpm then channeling may occur and therefore reduced filtering.

In the Viron P technical data sheet a 60, litre pool need the pump running for 6. This suggests that these calculations were made with the flow rates of lpm for Eco mode and lpm for turbo mode.

This is consistent withe graph total head vs lpm for Viron P During backwash in Turbo mode lpm should be obtainable if total head is less than 8 metre of head especially if discharge head is minimised via large bore short run backwash line off filter.

Do I go ahead and test the setup in real life to see if it works, the worst case scenario is that I may need to return to a Hurlcon BX 1. Unless you replumb with 50 mm pipe reduce the head height and replace the sand filter with a cartridge filter I would think you are wasting yours and the contracters time.

Firstly I would be confirming with them the terms of this 'test' week and what commitments are implied if it doesn't work out to suit. That is — if the Viron is not suitable then are you commited to them to buy something else of equal or greater value etc.

If you say 'no thanks' then are tehy going to had back the money in full AND restore your system to how it was with the old pump in operation? What is the agreed level of operation that means the Viron is suitable and will stay as part of the installation.

Remember your assumptions about what they mean are probably different to what they are assuming. Ask the hard questions now and get detailed answers to save the arguments later.

Get it in writing but if you have any doubts then don't go ahead in teh first place. Since the Viron technical rep has already stated it's not suitable then I think that pretty much says it all.

I also think this will be the case for many installations but again as they don't publish detailed pump curves then it is impossible to do a proper design check of a system.

I've been back through my thoughts on this topic a few times now and I'm still not convinced a Viron Pump is worth the extra money as a properly installed system using larger piping will achieve the same thing.

I want to replace a Hurlcon Eco with a Viron P We have put in a water blade and the Eco just isnt powerful enough to project the water far enough. The plumbing is 40mm.

I cant replumb easily. So are the screw fittings to the pump the same for both pumps? The p has 50 mm fittings you could fit adaptors to the existing plumbing and it will work but remember the efficiency is designed around 50 mm plumbing.

Mines is plumbed with 40mm pipe but I think it should be ok as the threaded connector is the same its the black pipe tails that reduce. Dont forget if you use a salt water chlorinator this will also be running longer periods of time with the pump to achieve turnovers.

These dont consume the level of power that a pump does but will impact on energy use. Also dont forget to adjust the output down on the chlorinator so as not to over chlorinate when running for longer periods.

Great information on here. Where is the cheapest place to buy the Viron P, and can anyone recommend someone to do the install? Please WHIM if preferred. I haven't gone ahead with it but gives you a feel for what you can get it for.

Do we just go with what the existing pipes are? Anyone had any problems? I would be interested in pricing too. I plan on getting a couple of quotes when the shops re-open.

My only concern with this pump is how long it would take to filter an 80,L pool, especially seeing as you have to put it on an economy mode if you want to take advantage of the cost savings.

Can I ask for the web address of the shop. Im looking to buy a viron pump soon. I wonder if this pump would be more suited to smaller-sized pools?? I love this place!

Whirlpool Lots of high tech answers plus real world perspective make it possible for me to hopefully make smarter purchase decisions. Our Hurlcon TX at our new house seems to be labouring so it's time to renew methinks.

Anything that can save a bit of money and leave a smaller carbon footprint seems like a good idea so I too was wondering whether to go down the Viron path. Seems like a good solution but the re-plumbing to 50mm will have to wait while we fix all the other surprises from buying a 20 year old house.

Hoping it does the job with the Kreepy Krauly which we leave in most days never had a pool before. Half a clue writes Hoping it does the job with the Kreepy Krauly which we leave in most days.

This is where the Kreepy Krauly will struggle if the Viron is run at low speed. This is where it will struggle. Read my earlier Oct. As an owner of the viron I can factually guarantee that they do no struggle at any of the speed settings.

Do you own one or is this opinion? I feel so ripped off!!!!! I emailed Astral Pool after becoming annoyed that the only specs I could find for the P were in how much carbon it was going to save me a year.

They supplied the below data sheet, which does shows flow rate, power usage and head at the various settings. Clicked on the link.. Do you need to register to see the viron p Also had a search, they had other pool pumps but not the viron.

I'm finding some pool shops skeptical about the Viron P, thinking that just it may use less energy but for the flowrate you end up needing to run for so long it would only break even, or not generate enough head for the job.

Basically I would've given up any hope of using it if not for the positive comments I've read here. But I'm still a bit nervous about it all, so I emailed Astral pools for advice on the weekend.

Only been 1 working day so perhaps no surprise that no response yet. The pump etc is on ground level just 1 metre from the corner of the pool, although the return jets are down the other end and the skimmer box at the other near corner.

I do NOT use an auto pool cleaner wasted a lot of money and they never worked, so I just need a higher suction when I do the manual vacuum. Do people have similar setups? Is it reasonable to expect the P to do this job?

Is there something nasty about the sand filters that mean too much head is required. The Viron P spec manual was hard to find for a while I found, but eventually turned it up here: As best I can tell my current pump is the 1.

So by my estimate it performs somewhere between the medium and high setting of the P So absolute worst case scenario is I would run it on high all the time, and it should still draw slightly less energy.

I've just started looking into pool filtration systems and the amount of time a pump needs to be run for varies according to each and every person I speak to.

What I have been able to discover is that it seems to be common practice to at least "turn" all the water over in your pool at least every day. When people switch to the P pump they are doing a number of things which add to the savings when using this pump.

According to the engineer who's company designed the motor this pump uses, the motor is optimised to be variable speed and not simply turned to a constant speed like other pool pumps, this enables efficient operation at reduced speeds.

By reducing the speed of the motor, your reducing the flow rate and in turn decreasing the friction inside the pool piping, again adding to overall efficiency.

So it really comes down to the individual installation, for example with your current setup vs a P P — now just turning the water over 1. I've found the pool industry a bit hit and miss when it comes to providing accurate information on product comparisons.

It's such a big investment yet people literally dive in head first! One number above I'd possibly disagree with though is the W drawn by the Performance Plus pump. My understanding is that it would actually draw more, and in fact I put one of those little meters on it and it read 1.

Does anyone techy here know if that makes sense? Is the output listed different to what is input? Whereas the P seems to list input not output. So perhaps it is even more efficient again over what izy estimated.

That would then leave me with the question of head required. I'm just worried that the sand filter or something like that means I need something larger. Apologies for the link I posted earlier where I said it had the P specs.

It didn't have the full performance curves I thought it did. I could've sworn that's where I saw them. I'll post again if I find the link. No idea if it's typical or not but based on your original statement of the pump being pretty close and the fact the Watermaid only has Flow rates from 4,6,8,10,12,16m of head I simply choose the lowest one to compare against.

I wouldn't imagine this would make a great deal of difference in the comparison as either pump will have to overcome whatever the true value of head actually is.

The manual for the P gives some recommendations on pump running times as well if you care to have a read, it does conflict itself a number of times but, stating normal operation should be eco mode for 12 hrs a day, then states min recommended run time based on pool size to be between 3.

I emailed Astralpool who make or distribute them for advice — 3 working days and waiting. I might just go ahead and take the plunge anyway. After calling Hurlcon a couple of times and getting fed up with the lack of info, I asked their tech guy straight out about the power consumption at low and high speeds.

Below are his responses and a comparison with the highly efficient and cheaper Onga single speed. Due to the power supply differences, it will have a top rpm of and minimum of and I guess it will be the 1.

The Onga is also quieter at rpm than the Viron at rpm. I was also told by Hurlcon that to run the P I would need a very clean electricity supply which I dont have. I then asked their nearest repairer what he thought and he said that customers in the outback with a supply as bad as mine have destroyed their controllers which are quite sensitive.

He told me to go for the Onga 'cos in his words, it is more robust and less to go wrong. Not sure where you've pulled these specs from, but the actual specs are as follows and are taken direction from the product guide as linked above.

Are you saying you agree with figures provided by some numb nuts who eventually hung up on you or the product guide where it is written in black and white? Also you'll need to define what very clean electricity supply actually means, are we talking voltage ranges, frequency ranges, transient voltage fluctuations and what tests have you done to jump to the conclusion that your supply would even fall into this category?

The whole idea of the P is that you run it for longer to move the same amount of water but at the reduced flow rate ANY pump will be more efficient then when the same pump was run at HIGH speed, are you saying this isn't the case?

The figures weren't "pulled", they were given to me by technical support at Hurlcon who make the Viron P As you will see from the only figures given on the Hurlcon website which are contained in this pdf link obtained just now, the slow speed 'Eco' is rpm not rpm as you have stated and no Wattage or Amps are given.

Probably best to go by what is on the Hurlcon website now. If you have to run the P double the amount of time using the same amount of power, the cost is the same to move the same amount of water.

Plenty of people here have had electronic equipment ruined by our power supply for me to know that it is not great and it's not worth the risk. Astral Viron P 3 speed pump rpm 6. That current consumption is quite different to what is quoted in this document: Actually, the Energy Rating label on this page quotes another set of figures that don't quite add up: And the curves indicate different performance to those quoted elsewhere — for example, going by the set of curves, at max output rpm it should be delivering lpm to 8 metres of head.

If you notice that Google docs file is dated The pdf on the Hurlcon website I have linked to is the current spec and this seems to be confirmed by what I was told on the phone by them 2 weeks ago.

Agreed, someone who has the P put an energy meter on it and test it at various speeds. Flow rates will be harder, I'm sure no one wants to cut the pool lines and insert a flow meter Except the figures you were quoted on the phone don't even match the PDF on the website, for example, you were told: And as mentioned, while you were quoted: So the performance figures you were told both over-state and under-state the performance compared to their web site's PDF.

I cant see why anyone would even consider buying a pump from a company who had created so much confusion and conflicting information about its product that the consumer was left with little other option than testing the pump themselves to find out the actual performance.

But the PDF's curve says it only does lpm 3. I cant see why anyone would even consider buying a pump from a company who had created so much confusion and conflicting information about its product.

I'm inclined to agree — a similar issue came up recently here with the "Magnapool" product where the company made so many vague and woolly claims, one couldn't but help suspect it might be snake oil, despite the fact that it might well be a good product, just as this pump might actually be a good product.

I'd convinced myself based on the original specs I was seeing that the P would probably do the job. And Izzy was reasonably confident. And after prodding them after no response for a few days the SA branch of Astralpool got their tech guy to look at my info and he said it would do the job fine.

They just mentioned that based on my photos I should be careful to ensure I have mm clearance for the inlet fan, which should be no problem if I re-arrange a few things. But now with the above flury of emails I'm not sure again.

I may just bite the bullet and do it anyway. I'm really not fussed anymore if it isn't the bees knees in terms of energy usage, just as long as it can do the job and is more efficient than my old one when running is norma filter mode and allowing for a longer run time.

We have a P on our pool. Overall it's an excellent pump. I usually during week leave it on Low, medium when kreepy going and High if we are running the spa jets and waterfall. My pump ran flawlessly for about 9 months and then it wouldn't start on the timer.

Hurlcon came out and apparently there were as some may have noticed, slight faults on the first series they released. I had back end motor replaced, then the circuit controller replaced as it then decided to only go on Low.

All fixed now and operating as per the original one installed. Great pump and we are glad we installed a variable for the flexibility. Performance wise, flow is adequate on High to run waterfall and 4 spa jets with some water still coming through return jets.

Sounds like a poor experience with reliability, but good service, and now all happy with a fair bit of load on the pump. So the happy ending is encouraging for me. I'll probably be ordering one on Monday.

I was the same, one minute I was going to get one and then the next minute I wasn't I did end up getting one and it was installed on Thursday. First impression was that this thing is huge!

Much bigger then the one it replaced. The filter basket would be Once we got it running we were impressed with how quiet it was even in turbo mode. With the old pump we were well aware when it was running but the new one I wouldn't have a clue.

The almost silent running will give us the option of running it on an off peak circuit. As mentioned earlier the manual is a bit confusing with the big difference between the minimum run time and the recomended run time of 12 hours.

I guess working out what the minimum runtime is will involve a bit of trial and error. So so far we are very happy with it, it'll take some time though to figure out if it actually saves us the amount of money that the company says it will.

I've imported 3 Intelliflo's from the US. Two for my own pool and then third for my mother in law's pool. They are a great pump. The Viron looks ok but requires a manual input to change speeds.

The intelliflo's communicate with Jandy aqua link control systems and will automatically change speeds to suit the programmed functions. Will let people know how it goes.

The installer says he has repaired them when faulty which he said wasn't often and he reckons it's a good unit that should do the job. Oznetics the Davey pump you refer to has a motor output power of W, its input is W, which means it uses far more juice than the Viron.

Basically that Davey is exactly what I want to avoid. Also make sure you can buy spares for your pump. Seems like the intelliflo has limited parts You may be right about the Intellifllo.

I just searched a few online shops and found that replacement motors and drives are not available. All other components such as bearings are common with other Pentair pumps and therefore commonly available in the US.

I'm glad a managed to find a couple of cheap drives on ebay which I'm keeping for spares. Now that others have posted a GoogleDocs link that shows some published Viron pump curves and data I have reworked the figures and I can see that the figures I reverse engineered previously are fairly close.

I realise that my previous posts were probably quite technical but I see that another forum member Izy was having similar thoughts that ANY pump that had a lower flow rate ie a smaller sized pump could achieve similar results.

I'll try and sumarise with a less technical argument but if you are looking for a more technical discussion regarding pumping etc then go back and read through my previous argument.

That being said I can see that there IS a better overall efficiency. The efficiency here that we are talking about is a total of the electrical motor plus the hydraulic efficiency of the 'pump' impeller etc.

Basically it's electrical energy IN versus energy imparted to water OUT to make it flow through the system. This will depend on where your pump is operating but generally this provides enough for a comparison.

Also looking at the pump curve I have for my pump Pantera PPP and the pressure gauge on the discharge side I have also approximated my flow rate and used these figures the same as I did on the Viron curves and data.

The question is — is it worth the money? A reduction in energy use can also be achieved by selecting a smaller standard pump than what you currently have installed.

In my case this would be the PPP 0. With a reduced flow rate there will be reduced friction. While this will also require increased run-time to provide equivalent turn-over, the reduced friction is a bigger effect on energy so the end result will still be a saving.

It all comes down to your current pool running costs but I would be suggesting that you first re-visit your run times and see if they can't be reduced without affecting your pool filtering and chlorination.

So in reviewing the Viron at the more realistic prices that seem to be around now then I think it is worthwhile as it gives the benefit of being able to boost the speed if needed for a bit extra cleaning flow.

That being said I really have a dislike for distorted sales pitch and that leave a bit of a bad taste when looking at the Viron. Yeah a little unlucky. Was running excellent until it failed.

Still more than recommend the pump. That's pretty much it, the savings claimed are the combined effect of running a more efficient pump power input vs. In actual fact if people actually calculated their current turnover rate and adjusted their existing pump run times they could benefit from this saving without the need for the new pump.

I'm sure this sort of comparison would surely contravene some laws that the ACCC preside over but as it's so technical then most people just don't have the knowledge. Those that do, do some figures and realise something doesn't add up and then just look elsewhere.

This like solar PV systems. The biggest savings to be made with these is if you FIRST go through and make some realistic changes, add insulation and shading and generally reduce your normal energy consumption.

Then once you go through this you will get some good benefit from a PV system. Anyway, I've gone back and now worked up my spreadsheet to look at the Viron in my system and in my previous look at things I think I may have given the existing PPP pump a lower efficiency than what it has.

In the end there is still a saving but it is more to do with the reduced flow rate than efficiency perhaps. I'd still buy one simply because it gives the variable speed capacity compared to a fixed speed smaller pump.

But I'd wait until I need to replace the existing pump. I'm still sitting on the fence as my pool pump is still in good condition but when it does die at least I should be able to make an informed decision on which way to go.

Not an option for me but I have the Pool Pump conected under the hot water tarrif. The energy rate is constant but significantly less cost than the standard connection.

That said, it's probably only a matter of time before we get this sort of things forces upon us. One thing that I forgot to mention before is that some filters can have a minimum flow rate and may not clean too well if the flow is too low.

It's worth checking out but again but you may need to talk to a knowledgable pool shop to find someone that can work through the pump curves and filter data to confirm for you. Also, it is not just pool-volume-turn-over that determines the required run-time.

It also depends on the amount of time required by the chlorinator and this will be different for each install and will change with seasonal use etc. Basically its a matter of dialing it back over time and seeing what works or doesn't.

What is true is that running the pump and chlorinator for longer than needed just wastes energy and also puts un-needed wear on the pump and chlorinator. With regard to waiting on purchase I expect that over the near future we will see more pumps come on the market that will be more 'green' and with more competition there will be better products and lower prices compared to now.

I've fixed my existing pump with a new mechanical seal last month so I expect that it may be another couple of years before the pumps needs attention again and there should be more products like the Viron on the market by then.

I have a salt cell, sand filter set up — Other benefit is pump running times down to 1 hour per day or less, during the dry season only. Water gets to hot if you have it on during the wet season.

Also as chemicals dont break down the salt cell has to be turned down or the choline levels become way to high. A liquid blanket will never attain the efficiency of a proper cover but they provide an alternative in different situations and occasions.

A couple of recent posters have also probed deeper into facts. One thing to also consider is the surface skim valve and its operation at low pump speeds as they may not fully open.

Another is the fact that the Viron is designed for 50 mm pipework, some pool cleaners have mm fittings. This and the length of the trailing hose effects head pressure which in turn effects the flushing velocity required to vertically transfer heavy particulates.

Pool cleaners have never needed to quote minimum flow rate requirements but the advent of variable speed motors will see this addressed. It is the motor that provides greater efficiency, the pump itself, like all others, is still agricultural in comparison to the next generation.

I have seen the next generation. If you are happy with running your Barracuda on the Viron low setting, then fine. Other posters have said they find it best to run their cleaners on the recommended medium setting.

That is their decision to make and a decision best made with proper consideration to required minimum flushing and flow velocities and the manufacturer's recommendation. The world is not governed by what happens in one person's back yard as you seem to suggest and people have the right to be alerted to all considerations.

The intelliflo also mentioned has programmable speed settings and can run at very low speeds and subsequent low energy use and dB's, great for running at night. Homeowners however need to know the effect low speeds have on filter performance etc.

Would you run your Barracuda at the Intelliflo's lowest speed setting and how would you determine the minimum hose flushing velocity that your Barracuda requires? Do you even know the hose ID?

The larger the ID, the less friction loss but the higher the required flushing velocity! New pump technology is subject to patent and the owners of that IP need to license the right to manufacture to other companies worldwide.

Introduction of new technology is always quicker when the IP owner can also manufacture but the market size makes it impossible in this instance. It was not available for commercialisation 5 years ago.

QLD has a shortage. I had my Viron P installed this morning. Haven't had much of a chance to play with it yet, so will let people know later how it went. Not a lot of competition for sellers here in Adelaide so I was happy with that price, got a lot on my plate at the moment so happy for someone else to do the handywork.

Observations so far — VERY quiet on low, seems to have reasonable volume still coming out the jets. Medium seems similar to my old 1 HP pump, turbo looks a little higher than the old. Obviously I'll need to learn over time how long to run it for to get the chlorination levels right.

Harder to measure is purely water turnover. A horse and rider pair can also be eliminated for going off course, for example missing a fence. If the horses shoulder and hind-quarter touch the ground, mandatory retirement is taken and they are not allowed to participate further in the competition.

If the rider falls off the horse they are eliminated. However, in the US this rule is currently being revised for the Novice level and below. The penalties for disobediences on cross country are weighted severely relative to the other phases of competition to emphasize the importance of courage, endurance and athleticism.

Fitness is required as the time allowed will require a strong canter at the lower levels, all the way to a strong gallop at the higher events. In recent years, a controversy has developed between supporters of short and long format three-day events.

Traditionally, three-day events had dressage, endurance, and show jumping. Endurance day consisted of 4 phases: Phases A and C were roads and tracks, with A being a medium-paced warm up to prepare the horse and rider for Phase B, a steeplechase format at an extremely fast pace over steeplechase-style fences.

Phase C was a slow-paced cool down coming off of phase B, in preparation for the toughest and most demanding phase, D, or cross-country. Before embarking on phase D, in the "ten-minute box", horses had to be approved to continue by a vet, who monitored their temperature and heart rate, ensuring that the horse was sound and fit.

Three day events are now offered in the classic format, with endurance day, or short-format, with no steeplechase phase B or roads and tracks phases A and C. The Olympic Summer Games in Athens, Greece chose the short format, due to lack of facilities, time and financing, which sparked a large debate in the eventing community whether to keep the steeplechase phase or just offer cross-country.

Today, most events are run short-format. In the United States the "classic format" remains a popular option for the Novice, and Training levels of competition at select events. In, the rules regarding safety in the sport were changed.

One change stated that a fall anywhere during the cross-country phase resulted in elimination, even if the rider was galloping on course and not approaching a jump, or in the middle of a combination.

The bracelet or band must carry, or provide links to, information about the rider's relevant medical history, injury particularly to the head, drug allergies and current medication. A combination is always considered one obstacle, and the various elements within the combination are lettered "A", "B", "C", and so on.

In cross-country, the rider need only retake the element they refused rather than the whole complex. So a refusal at element B does not require them to jump A again. However, they have the option of retaking the previous elements if they wish.

For example, in a bounce type obstacle it may be physically impossible to approach B without first clearing A. Yet for some in and outs, you can go to B and not have to rejump A.

Many cross-country obstacles have several possible routes to take for example, at obstacle 5 there may be 2 A, 2 B, and 2 C elements, with one route usually being faster but requiring a more skillful ride or more physical effort from the horse.

A rider may take any of the possible routes as long as they pass over each letter once. Additionally, after a refusal, they may jump a different obstacle of the same letter in place of the original.

A refusal at A is a first refusal, and would receive 20 penalties. Whether the rider retakes A or not, a subsequent refusal at B is a second refusal and so on. Three refusals at any one obstacle results in elimination, as does 4 refusals on the entire course.

Before the beginning of a three-day event, and also before the last phase, horses are inspected by a vet to ensure that they are fit to compete further. It is usually a formal affair, with well-groomed and braided horses, and nicely dressed riders.

It is also a very nerve-wracking time, as the "pass" or "fail" determines whether the horse may continue with the competition. A vet can request that a horse be sent to the holding box, where it will then be re-assessed before being allowed to continue.

In upper level FEI classes, a second veterinarian often called the Associate FEI Veterinarian may inspect horses sent to the hold box and make the decision to pass or fail a horse. This practice is in place so that no one veterinarian has complete power to eliminate a horse and allows for a large number of horses to be evaluated in a timely manner.

In lower levels of competition, the horse's movement may be analyzed as they finish the cross-country, where they will be asked to trot briefly after crossing the finishing line to satisfy the vet of their soundness.

The "Ten Minute Box" is a compulsory halt included during the cross country section of a three-day event after the roads and tracks and steeplechase phases and before the "pure" cross-country jumping phase.

It is a pause designed to allow the horse and rider! In the Ten Minute Box, riders and assistants will cool the horse down, walk the horse around and check tack and studs and a veterinarian will inspect the horse - including checking its heart and respiration rates - to determine if it is fit to compete in the final "pure" cross-country phase.

Stadium or show jumping is the final phase of eventing competition and tests the technical jumping skills of the horse and rider, including suppleness, obedience, fitness and athleticism.

In this phase, 12—20 fences are set up in a ring. These fences are typically brightly colored and consist of elements that can be knocked down, unlike cross country obstacles.

This phase is also timed, with penalties being given for every second over the required time. In addition to normal jumping skills, eventing show jumping tests the fitness and stamina of the horse and rider, generally being held after the cross-country phase in higher level and international events.

An obstacle is defined as having been knocked down if any part of its height is lowered. It is therefore possible to knock out a pole below the top pole and receive no penalties, as long as the highest pole stays in place, so that the jump retains the same height.

It does count as a knockdown if the highest pole falls out of one jump cup but remains in the other; although part of the pole remains at the original height, the other part is lowered.

The winner is the horse and rider with the fewest penalties. Awards are usually presented while mounted, before the placed riders take a lap of honor around the arena.

Eventing competition that resembles the current three-day were first held in, at the Championnat du Cheval d'Armes in France, and was introduced into the Olympic Games starting in Stockholm, Sweden.

Dressage originally demonstrated the horse's ability to perform on the parade ground, where elegance and obedience were key. Cross-country began as a test of stamina, courage, and bravery over difficult terrain, important for a charger on long marches or if the horse was asked to carry a dispatch across country.

The stadium jumping phase sought to prove the horse's continuing soundness and fitness after the difficult cross-country day. The Olympic eventing competition was originally open only to male military officers in active duty, mounted only on military charges.

In, the event was open to male civilians, although non-commissioned Army officers could not participate in the Olympics until Women were first allowed to take part in ; equestrian sports are one of the few Olympic sports in which men and women compete against one another.

The original format, used in the Olympics, was spread over several days:. The Paris Games in introduced a format very similar to the one of today: The endurance test has changed the most since that time.

Originally, bonus points could be earned for a fast ride cross-country less than the optimum time. This helped competitors make up for a poor dressage ride, with a clean, fast cross-country ride.

This system, however, was dropped in The format for the endurance test occurred as below:. In, the minute halt was introduced, to occur after the completion of phases A, B, and C. It took place in a marked out area the minute box, where the horse was checked by two judges and one veterinary official who would make sure the horse was fit to continue onto phase D.

If the horse was unfit, the panel would pull it from the competition. The format of the sport underwent major changes in and, with the creation of the "short" or "modified format", which excluded phases A, B, and C from endurance day.

The primary reason for excluding these phases was that the Olympic Committee was considering dropping the sport of eventing from the Olympics because of the cost and large area required for the speed and endurance phase with a steeplechase course and several miles of roads-and-tracks.

To prevent the elimination of the sport from the Olympics program, the "short format" was developed by the FEI. The last Olympic Games that included the long, or "classic", three-day format was the Summer Games in Sydney, while Rolex Kentucky, the Badminton Horse Trials, and Burghley Horse Trials ran their last long format three-day in The short format is now the standard for international competition, such as the Olympics and World Equestrian Games.

The change in format has brought about controversy. Some riders support the continuation of the classic format, believing it is the "true test of horse and rider". Others believe the classic format is superior because it teaches horsemanship, due to the extra preparation needed to condition the horse and the care required after the several miles of endurance day.

However, others prefer the short format, as they believe it saves wear-and-tear on their horses and allows the horse not only to compete in more three-day events each season, but decreases the chance of injury to the horse.

However, this claim has not held true in several recent studies that compared injuries sustained in classic and in short format competitions over equivalent courses. Further, some research indicates that horses are more stressed by the short format than by the careful warm-up inherent in the classic format.

Regardless, many upper-level riders prepare their horses for the short format using the same conditioning and training as for the long format. The short format has also been widely urged by breeders of heavier, warmblood-type horses.

The long format has remained popular at the Novice and Training levels in the United States, and with riders who feel it maximizes horsemanship. In, the penalty point system was first introduced into eventing.

This system converts the dressage score and all jump penalties on cross-country and show jumping into penalty points, with the horse and rider with the fewest number of points winning the event.

Different weight is given for each phase, with the cross-country — the heart of eventing — being the most important, followed by the dressage, and then the show jumping. The intended ratio of cross-country: Therefore, an error in cross-country counts heavily.

This prevents horses that are simply good in dressage for example from winning the event with a poor cross-country test. In, the dressage scoring was changed, with each movement marked out of ten rather than out of six.

This increased the maximum number of dressage marks from to This number later increased to marks in, after additional movements were added. To keep the correct weight, a formula is used to convert good marks in dressage to penalty points.

First, the marks of the judges if there is more than one are averaged. Then the raw mark is subtracted from the maximum points possible. This number is then multiplied by 0. Show jumping rules were also changed in, with a knock-down or a foot in the water awarded only 5 penalties rather than This prevented the show jumping phase from carrying too much weight, again, to keep the ratio between the phases correct.

As of January eventing will undergo some changes. The FEI Federation Equestre International has introduced some changes that will effect the penalty point system in the cross country phase of the competition.

Changes such as an introduction of a 50 penalty [5] mark being awarded if the horse and rider jump outside a flag. Previously resulting in elimination this error will incur faults only if it is unrectified.

If the rider returns to clear the jump 20 penalties will be awarded. Up until now a rider could ask the fence judge if their horse jumped inside the flags, this will now be deemed as outside assistance and will result in elimination.

In its early days, the sport was most popular in Britain, and the British gave the competition a new name, the "Three-Day Event", due to the three-day time span of the competition.

In America, the sport was also called "combined training", due to the three different disciplines and types of training methods needed for the horse. In the United Kingdom, "combined training" competition includes only the dressage and show jumping phases.

In between a 'combined training' and a 'horse trial', there are also 'short courses'. Short courses consist of a dressage phase and a jumping phase. The jumping phase usually starts in the stadium ring with a fence leading out to a smaller field with some cross country fences not as many as in a horse trial's cross country phase.

The rider will then jump back into the stadium ring to finish his or her course. The first annual, Olympic-level event developed was the Badminton Horse Trials, held each year in England.

First held in, the Badminton event was created after a poor performance by the British Eventing Team at the Olympic Games, with the purpose of being a high-class preparation event, and as extra exposure for the military horses, who very rarely had the chance to compete.

Initially, only British riders were allowed to compete although women were allowed, despite being banned from riding in the Olympics, but the competition is now an international open to all riders from around the world who have qualified for this level of competition.

Badminton is the most prestigious events to win in the world. The second three-day competition to be held at Olympic level each year was the Burghley Horse Trials, first held in Burghley is the longest running international event.

In the early years, the dressage phase was fairly inconsequential in determining the final standings. It was quite possible for a horse to have a terrible dressage test, then run a clean cross-country and show jumping, and still finish near the top of the standings.

Since then, correct dressage training has become increasingly important should a horse and rider wish to be placed complete all sections, and finish in the top This can be traced back to Sheila Willcox who took a particular interest in dressage, becoming abundantly clear when she won Badminton three years running in the s.

She had a strong influence on Mary King and Lucinda Green amongst others. After the Olympic Games, the FEI hired British eventer and dressage rider Christopher Bartle to write new dressage tests for the upper level events, which would include a greater deal of collection.

This has since raised the standard even further in the dressage phase. Additionally, the cross-country phase has become more technical, asking the horse to be adjustable and supple through combinations.

A horse can no longer just be brave and athletic, but must have a good deal of dressage training should his rider wish to successfully negotiate odd distances or bending lines at a gallop.

Also, in show jumping, a horse is asked to move with impulsion and engagement; this makes the jump more fluent, brings the horse to bascule more correctly, and is less jarring for both horse and rider.

Between and December, at least 37 eventing riders died as a result of injuries incurred while competing in the cross-country phase of eventing at national or international level or at Pony Club.

Of these, 18 riders died in the period — These 37 fatal falls have been at all levels of the sport, from domestic one-day events up to regional championships level, and they have occurred in most of the recognized eventing countries around the world, with concentrations in the United Kingdom 14 and the United States 8.

At least 25 of these 37 deaths have resulted from a somersaulting rotational fall of the horse, with 11 of the 16 deaths in and being reported as having resulted from a rotational horse fall. Information about horse fatalities is difficult to locate, but at least 19 eventing horses, many of them top-level performers, died in and, most of them in the US.

Over time, course design has become increasingly more focused on the safety of the horse and rider. Fences are built more solidly than in the earlier days, encouraging a bold jump from the horse, which actually helps prevent falls.

The layout of the course and the build of the obstacles encourage the horse to have a successful run. This includes a greater use of precision fences, such as corners and "skinny jumps", that are very good tests of the rider's ability and the horse's training, but allow the horse to simply run around the jump if the rider misjudges it.

Safety measures such as filling in the area between corner-shaped jumps on cross-country or rails of a fence help prevent the entrapment of the legs of the horse decrease the number of serious falls or injuries.

The newest improvement in cross-country safety is the frangible fence, which uses a pin and other techniques which allow the fence to "break or fall" in a controlled manner to minimize the risk of injury to horse and rider.

This can help to prevent the most dangerous situation on cross-country, when the horse hits a solid fence between the forearm and chest, and somersaults over, sometimes falling on the rider.

This type of fall has caused the deaths of several riders and horses. Leg protection for horses has also improved. Very little was used in the early days, even on cross-country. Leg protection is now seen on nearly every horse at all levels.

Boots have increased technologically, and include materials that either help absorb shock or are very hard and strong to prevent a serious injury. Rules protecting riders have improved as well. Eventing was one of the first sports to require the use of a helmet with harness when jumping.

As of, more riders were wearing air bag vests, which automatically inflate if a rider falls off the horse. Lead weights were carried on the saddle, and the competitor had to be weighed-in with tack immediately following cross-country.

The rule was eventually abolished January 1, By removing this rule, the stress on the joints and soft-tissue, as well as the chance of a fall, were decreased.

Coments:

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