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Our vet said to STOP Using the feline pine because any Pine scent left in the wood chips can cause respiratory damage to cats. What is the big deal?! Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals.

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In other parts of metropolitan Indiamilk is usually bought or delivered in plastic bags or cartons via shops or supermarkets. Broken kernels of corn are three to four times more susceptible to mold growth than intact kernels. With corn cat litter, this could happen right in your litter box. 7 inch android phones how to unlock To make a long story short, after many trips to the vet all treatments failed. The classic milkmanwho travels his local milk round route using a milk float often battery powered during the early hours and delivers milk in 1 pint glass bottles with aluminium foil tops directly to households, has almost disappeared.

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He saved my life! Ultra Heat Treatment UHTis a type of milk processing where all bacteria are destroyed with high heat to extend its shelf life for up to 6 months, as long as the package is not opened. But in this process there is a loss of vitamin B1 and vitamin C and there is also a slight change in the taste of the milk.

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Liter Dev Behav Pediatr. Pasteurization is used to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria by heating the milk for a short time and then immediately cooling it. Yes, pricey i agre. I was told by a local farmer that the GMO corn has the pesticides right in it - if an insect eats it, Pure literally blows up, and if animals eat it, over time it causes the same condition that humans deal with - leaky gut syndrome, which is literally an eating away of the inside of the intestines over time, causing tears in the intestinal walls, and complete deterioration of the GI system. GMO corn is known to affect adrenals and kidneys in lab animals. The American Horse of Clinical Nutrition. Our vet said to STOP Using the feline pine because any Pine scent left in the wood chips can cause respiratory damage to cats.

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23.01.2018 - Milk fat percentages may be manipulated by dairy farmers' stock diet formulation strategies. I will have to keep searching for a decent litter that is not going to harm me or my kitties ever again. I started them today. Some of these products include sour creamyogurtcheese, buttermilkviilikefirand kumis. This page was last edited on 29 Marchat From Structure to Behaviour. Just to make sure I understand, you want to know if the corn in the Pure Nature Litter is hybrid corn?

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29.01.2018 - Becker on Facebook and youtube she is Dr. History of the American Bison: Explicit use of et al. Thankfully those are the only symptoms in our three boys, however, it is the long term effects that we need to be concerned about, particularly for the kidneys as well as in developing cancer. The mammary gland is thought to have derived from apocrine skin glands. Retrieved November 17, J Int Soc Sports Nutr.

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SweetScoop is a good product, but does not clump well. So what to do? Aflatoxins are poisons secreted by molds to defend themselves against predators. I can understand the issue of mold formation, given the wet and warm environment of the litter box.

Cheap dry pet foods can come infested. But they can get infested once you open the vaccum sealed bags and keep them in your hoime, or, transfer them to new storage containers.

The moths breed in the tiny-est of cracks between cabinets, etc. The corn must be an attractive food source, whereas clay would not be. I clean the litter box so often… as much as a means to extend the life of the litter as concern for the cats.

Most plastic litter boxes are porous, and do need disinfecting more than we think. And its getting harder and harder to trust what we are feeding, using in the litter box, etc.

But I guess, if you think about it, we as humans are becoming more and more distrusting of what WE are eating too i. I have been searching for healthy food and litter for my cats but each one that has a positive also has a negative.

My 2 cats have kidney disease and my other had to be put to sleep due to kidney cancer. My cat has asthma now, diagnosed suddenly 2 yrs ago that made her susceptible to bacterial infection that turned into Pneumonia.

She needed a 2nd round of Antibiotics, but she gets her Inhaler daily now. Our vet said to STOP Using the feline pine because any Pine scent left in the wood chips can cause respiratory damage to cats.

I preferred the natural aroma of Pine in the house, BUT not at the expense of killing my cat. I am also finding that, after using WB for the past couple years, the scooping factor definitely varies from bag to bag.

I agree with the at least twice a day cleaning…. I understand that its just not practical if you work full time, cook and clean and have three kids…but thru his training of me, I am learning that a lot of the litter box problems can be stopped if the boxes were cleaned once in a while.

I have yet to solve it. I think I will follow the advice of some people posting here, though and switch off of the pine WB and go back to the plain or multiple-cat WB….

How do you scoop it? Maybe you have a good trick you would share? Then, weekly you can change the whole box. Also, it reduces the odor by not leaving any soiled litter in there to smell. You should list the walnut cat litters as a caution as well.

We just started using the Blue Buffalo walnut scoopable cat litter and it gets moldy. We took the lid of off the litter box, clean it every day, sometimes more often, and it still gets moldy.

I have been experiencing allergic reactions with my sinuses because of this. Mold would be bad for my asthma cat too. Nuts are often on the Avoid Mold Diet list. Can I ask the people posting re: I scoop twice a day two large litter boxes, two large cats but find I have to dump the whole thing about every days in any event.

And start with fresh litter. Which is very expensive. I used to just use a garbage can liner to line the bottom and used unclumpable, unscented gravel from the grocery store very cheap and dump the whole thing every two or three days.

I literally got sick using it after a week or two. WB is the only clumping litter that I, with a face mask can use at all. Now I am hearing that the corn based litters are dangerous….

I am very concerned. And I live in South Florida, so, yeah, although the AC is on deep-freeze all the time, this could really be a problem. Yes, pricey i agre. Wish we could change.

Glad to hear other people are dealing with this as much as me. Wish it were easier! When ingested, as they are invariably, they can cause constipation and blockage. I am not the original person posting that comment but that is why my vet told me to stop using it.

When I first read about the aflatoxin problem and its possible connection with corn based litters, I was quite concerned. This was quite some time ago. My cats have not, so far as I am aware, had any adverse effects from the litter.

You should verify what I suggest by doing your own studies. Aflatoxin mold comes from peculiar conditions that have to do with attacks by insect infestations on the corn when the humidity and warmth are high.

This toxin is produced as a defense by the mold growing on the corn. It is produced only as a defense against attack by these insects which breed in these conditions. But I believe that there is some quality control, given that the toxins can be detected, when the litter is being manufactured.

As far as other types of litter go, there are many problems with most of them. Clay stays on the paws and when ingested causes all kinds of problems. Other litters have been treated with toxic substances by the manufacturers.

Be rigorous in your own research and make a determination based on your own situation. Switching to other litters has problems in and of itself, since cats do not like changes that way.

If you have had the corn based litter a long time for your pets, it might be something to consider what a change would do, i. I had three cats who were only ever exposed to Scoop Away.

Never had an issue. With my fourth cat who is now 9 I decided to go with a Blue walnut litter. However, we just took her to the vet because she was vomiting and no BMs Otherwise acting fine.

The X-ray showed her completely compacted with stool with some sort of foreign material interlaced throughout. After two enemas as a result of which only some of the stool passed, we realized the foreign material was the walnut litter.

It was also on her paws. She is not eating it but she is licking it off of her paws. The vet is convinced this contributed if not caused the constipation. She would not have passed the stool without medical assistance.

So we are switching back to a good clumping litter again. With this dark litter a serious medical condition could go undetected. Does anyone have any info on this? The product is made of a combo of cedar, corn, and pine.

I too have noticed occasional white mold on clumps. In face, the dust mixes with water on floor and creates a slippery surface — far more that just water — that I took a big fall from.

AND, it is very difficult to clean off of floors — it forms a hard scum several feet away from litter box. AND, one of my cats has a skin condition now. The vet thought it was a food allergy but now I wonder if the litter may be the culprit.

Its too bad because it is so much easier to lift and deal with and it lasts much longer than traditional litter — and smells much fresher. Another thought about aflo-toxins is the giant new corn elevator going into our town by Heartland.

We have no local control so could not stop it. There is a lot of disturbing information on asthma and explosions but now we need to think about aflotoxins too.

And I am not a scientist but after seeing how sticky the residue is from the cat litter, I hate to think of it being airbonrne and mixing with CAFO emissions which are full of crazy antibiotic resistant pathogens like the MYRSA virus etc - dear God - imagine that in your lungs.

Then to top it all off… My stomach and my throat would burn along with my eyes, and everything else. These 2 chemicals are dangerous and deadly to both animals and humans. No matter how many times per day I cleaned the litter box and also washed my face and body, I still felt like I was on fire.

That is how badly it had hurt me and my 4 cats. My cats eyes would water up so much that I had to keep tissues around to wipe their little eyes and to have cold water around to dip the tissue in to wipe out the burn.

My cats also got very dehydrated from using those cat litters. It was the clumping clay. Both had also made it hard for me to breathe as well and caused a lot of dust to settle on my entire apt furnishings.

There was so much dust on everything in my apt. It reads that it is It is pellet form, and flushable. It is very hard, and there is no possible way to scoop it out of the litter box at all with a scooper.

They prefer to use my bathroom floor because of the new litter! This is way too much for me to stand any longer. There has got to be a litter out there without any Sodium Bentonite and Zeolites in it or Fragrances!

I will have to keep searching for a decent litter that is not going to harm me or my kitties ever again. Those other litters that I had mentioned above also made my cats vomit!

Does anyone have a suggestion on what to use when u have more 5 litter boxes in a home? I have two 15 pound cats and I have used the Worlds Best for the past couple years, scoop twice a day and toss all about every days.

But now I am concerned. I live in South Florida in the sub tropics as it is, a hotbed of mold, etc. WB It is the only one of the clumping litters that I am not horribly allergic to, but just in case, I wear a face mask while cleaning the box.

I used to use the non clumping clay generic from my local grocer…. I always use a garbage bag liner and large cat boxes so I just grab the ends and pull the whole thing off the box, and toss.

This is very concerning. I liked Worlds Best, the best of all, but I agree with the poster who said that some bags clump better than others. Just in the couple months, the last couple bags have not had the clumping ability it has normally, which I figured was a quality control issue.

Still, it is the best I have found. But now I am worried, not only because of corn and moisture, but also because of where I live, which would add to the problelm. I have used thag ssme litter roughly two years ago and my cat who was around 13 at the time started sneezing a lot and then sneezing fits with blood sometimes and eventually runny nose all the time and now growth is growing and starting to show and deform as of one month ago.

Im going to have to put her down next week even though she otherwise seems perfectly healthy. Its so ssd her other eye is dialated complete cuz the growth is taking over the other are by her eye lower part.

They specislists think its cancerous. I started using Feline Pine Clumping. If you are inhaling this pine dust it can cause upper respiratory infections in humans. I would imagine that the heat and steam of people showering daily create exactly the hot and humid conditions that encourage spoilage and toxicity problems.

Now it seems there is even more critical reason to do so. I am so sorry to learn there are safety issues with this litter, since we carefully selected it after reading about all the health risks as well as environmental pitfalls of using the clay-based and chemical-based litters, and I have to say the newspaper-based litter worries me as well.

Questions about the chemical toxicity of the ink is the first question that comes to my mind. If you find an alternative, please let me know. Have you tried Odour Buster litter?

His breathing improved but after about six months he began to lose weight. To make a long story short, after many trips to the vet all treatments failed. Afterward I began to wonder whether the corn based litter was made with Roundup ready corn.

The glyphosate in Roundup weed killer has been found to cause kidney failure in agricultural workers in Sri Lanka and several other countries. Roundup has been banned there and is several countries for that reason.

Cats wash their paws after using the litter box so consume the litter inadvertently. I liked the WBCL because it was easy to keep the boxes clean, was reasonably dust free, and controlled the odor.

I was scooping daily, disinfecting weekly, then filling with fresh litter It makes me feel very sad to think my choice of product may have killed my cat. Cathy, did you ever find out why he died?

We just lost our kitty to an unexplained lung infection and the first sign was weight loss. I stumbled upon this post while researching lung infections and cat litters. After reading this article I was appalled!

Please wait for a Pet Advisor to respond. We will be with you momentarily. How may I help you today? Can you tell me Stacy if your product pure nature kitty litter which contain corn is hybrid?

Just to make sure I understand, you want to know if the corn in the Pure Nature Litter is hybrid corn? Ok, please allow me a few moments to look into this. I can try to find more information on the corn cob.

It is likely that our pet food contains GMO grains because genetically modified grain and grain products constitute a significant portion of the supply of grain available throughout the United States for both human and pet foods.

United States grain handling and distribution practices result in a co-mingling of supply, which results in a loss of identity preservation. The FDA recognizes the safety and equivalence of products derived from United States approved varieties of genetically modified grain so there is no reason to exclude it from the general supply.

This statement would also apply to the grain used in our litter product. Well just so you know corn based causes, aflatoxins once it has come into contact with a moisture-rich environment i.

You will have more people concerned about this http: The corn gmo causes aflatoxins which is derived from the chemicals being used for gmo corn you: I will be more than happy to let our team know of your disappointment.

Would you like to share your contact information so we can call you back with additional information? Also, please hold another moment or two. No thanks Stacey, i have the info I need.

We have ingredient specialists at each of our North American Purina pet food manufacturing facilities who are trained to sample and analyze incoming grain. These ingredient specialists are tested on a quarterly basis to ensure they remain certified on key laboratory techniques.

Thanks for your response. I assure you I will let our team know how upset you are regarding this. Would you mind sharing your email address with us? So corn-based litter and moisture…Warm urine…Covered litter boxes…Perfect recipe for mold, right?

This article is nothing but speculation with ZERO proof of anything. Very irresponsible of the author the way it was presented and ridiculous for people to lose their critical thinking skills and panic without any fact based evidence.

While the owner of the kitten - that had no testing or necropsy following its death - states there were no changes except the litter, if they were feeding the same brand of dry food they could have easily opened a new bag that was contaminated with aflatoxin.

Sadly this article is creating another urban legend and causing panic where none is needed. We have been using this litter for 3 cats for 13 yrs too on and off with Feline Pine. We have one cat that developed chronic UPI, needing an asthma inhaler daily.

My 2nd one has developed allergies too. Our 3rd is okay, just sneezes during allergy season. I really do wonder the long term effects of using GMO corn. No longer can you just wash off pesticides.

But, the problem is my cats refuse to believe any other litter is the Best, except WB, so continue to use it. Since Cornell see quote below states that corn is one of the grains with the highest risk of mold aflatoxin, you might consider switching to using rabbit alfalfa pellets for your cat litter.

Shoot, I get tired just thinking about it … okay, back to my food service routine. My home is pretty humid in the summer. I have 2 twelve year olds a six year old and a two year old cat. I wonder if there was something else going on there.

I do have multiple boxes and scoop once a day. I just wonder if there is something else. Am I a bad pet parent? Guess I will need to do more research. Does anyone else have this problem?

I love WB cat litter. I scoop whenever I see anything in the boxes three boxes, two large cats and I have never seen any evidence of mold or anything yucky other than what the cats produce.

Fortunately, one of my cats often does his business outside — so I catch a break there. In fact, it encourages one to scoop more often since it can go straight into the toilet and is septic safe.

I have a I am not going to switch my cat litter because of a claim that can not even be confirmed as a cause of death in a few cats. I have 3 litter boxes — 2 of which are in bathrooms, another not in a bathroom — and is covered.

I clean them every morning as part of my routine before work. I love my cats more than anything — and would never put them in harms way. For all we know this could be someone from a clay litter company trying to get people to switch… If there was truly an issue, I would think we would have heard more about this by now.

This could be a concern as well. ALL of the corn in the U. My 18 year old sneezes periodically.. I have never had one single issue with it. Corona virus resides in all cats and most critters for that matter, but I bet you put the number of deaths due to FIP above above that of corn-based litter.

I will continue to use it because it is the best litter out there! It clumps well and the chlorophyll naturally eliminates odor. I scoop the box daily and clean and change the litter box about every two weeks.

I wonder what the pellets are made form. People who have enzyme deficiencies, causing body odor, get help taking chlorophyll. It helps absorb ammonia body odor. So, i believe you there. The pellets are made of pressed alfalfa grass.

I use the rabbit feed size alfalfa pellets which are smaller than the horse feed size alfalfa pellets. It is the best cat litter I have ever used: Scoop the litter box daily, and clean and change the box at least once a month.

I know this is an older post but can you please give me the name of the rabbit pellet you use as liter?? Too many to choose from 61st Wal-Mart online. Thank you so much!

She still gets worse every time she walks about of Liter box room. I think Mexico has organic, but Monsanto is trying to Bully-force them to grow gmo too. Check the site of Dr.

Under pet articles by Dr. Becker you will find info to help your kitty immune system, specially for fighting cancer. Mathias Rath talks about the benefit of Vitamin C.

Check his articles too. I give Lysin C to my cats Dr. Rath brand beside Spirulina, Turmeric Mercola brand, brewer yeast from beats, pre and probiotics, mushrooms Mercola brand to improve their immune system against the risk of developing cancer caused by rabies vaccine.

I have 2 cats and 2 litter boxes. One cat refuses to use the litter boxes any more. I have read that walnuts are poisonous to dogs… could she be reacting to the walnut?

Any and all suggestions are welcome! We were breathing all the GMO corn dust too. I started using worlds best a couple months ago and suddenly my cat started vomiting daily. I concluded that the only change made to her routine was the litter, so I finally went back to her previous litter.

The vomiting stopped immediately. I am now seeing that many cat owners are running into this and it is due to mold spores developing in the corn based litter when moisture enters the equation.

I am very upset that this product was not more thoroughly tested and is causing illness and death in some instances. Read up on it…it even causes bug infestation. But worse, you are putting your pet in danger by using it!

Looks great for young guys but I have 10 — 16 lbs cats. It gives them more space to use esp. I switched to Worlds Best Corn Litter 2 months ago. When she threw up 17 times I took her to the vet — they diagnosed her with pancreatitis with a blood test.

They put her on meds and 10 days later an ultrasound was done showing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the small intestine which was slightly thickened. They wanted to do a biopsy.

I refused to put her through that. Then I read about the corn litter and now I am switching back to clay to see if that is some of this problem. She really digs up the litter and covers her urine and feces for quite a while.

I had a discussion about the differences between Corn and Clay litter with a friend of mine who also has one cat. I was surprised because I used Tidy Cat and had a lot of dust.

Thanks to all for your input. I cleaned 3 medium sized bags the other day and got almost 3 lbs of dust out of it before I was done. Then store it in air tight containers — ready for use. Before I started to do this I would get ton of dust I on my hands and arms when I would spread it around in a clean box.

Yes it is all washed off when I am done — unlike cats who lick it off. If you want to try this method…get porch screening wide enough to make it like a big sifter…a clean litter box to sift it into ….

Pour it into a air tight storage container for later use. Do a couple of bags at a time. Used this on the walnut type of litter too to get this dust off out of it. Pour the dust in a bag and throw it out.

Clean out all the dust in the clean litter box again before you use it. This works quicker if you have 2 people holding the porch screen too — my husband helped and even he was amazed how fast this goes.

It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals including humans who breastfeed before they are able to digest other types of food. Early - lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases.

It contains many other nutrients [1] including protein and lactose. As an agricultural product, milk is extracted from non-human mammals during or soon after pregnancy.

Dairy farms produced about million tonnes of milk in, [2] from million dairy cows. Throughout the world, more than six billion people consume milk and milk products. Over million people live in dairy farming households.

Milk consumption occurs in two distinct overall types: In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later.

The early milk from mammals is called colostrum. Colostrum contains antibodies that provide protection to the newborn baby as well as nutrients and growth factors. For humans, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months and breastfeeding in addition to other food for at least two years.

Fresh goats' milk is sometimes substituted for breast milk, which introduces the risk of the child developing electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, and a host of allergic reactions.

In many cultures, especially in the West, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other mammals especially cattle, goats and sheep as a food product.

Initially, the ability to digest milk was limited to children as adults did not produce lactase, an enzyme necessary for digesting the lactose in milk. People therefore converted milk to curd, cheese and other products to reduce the levels of lactose.

Thousands of years ago, a chance mutation spread in human populations in Europe that enabled the production of lactase in adulthood. This mutation allowed milk to be used as a new source of nutrition which could sustain populations when other food sources failed.

Modern industrial processes use milk to produce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additives and industrial products. Whole milk, butter and cream have high levels of saturated fat.

The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase, reaches its highest levels in the human small intestine after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly.

India is the largest producer and consumer of cattle and buffalo milk in the world. In food use, the term milk is defined under Codex Alimentarius standards as: The correct name for such products are 'soy beverage', 'rice beverage', etc.

Dairy relates to milk and milk production, e. In addition, a substance secreted by pigeons to feed their young is called " crop milk " and bears some resemblance to mammalian milk, although it is not consumed as a milk substitute.

The mammary gland is thought to have derived from apocrine skin glands. Much of the argument is based on monotremes egg-laying mammals. Tritylodontid cynodonts seem to have displayed lactation, based on their dental replacement patterns.

Humans first learned to consume the milk of other mammals regularly following the domestication of animals during the Neolithic Revolution or the development of agriculture.

This development occurred independently in several global locations from as early as — BC in Mesopotamia [31] to — BC in the Americas. Pastoral and pastoral nomadic economies, which rely predominantly or exclusively on domestic animals and their products rather than crop farming, were developed as European farmers moved into the Pontic-Caspian steppe in the fourth millennium BC, and subsequently spread across much of the Eurasian steppe.

Milk consumption became common in these regions comparatively recently, as a consequence of European colonialism and political domination over much of the world in the last years.

In the Middle Ages, milk was called the "virtuous white liquor" because alcoholic beverages were safer to consume than water. The growth in urban population, coupled with the expansion of the railway network in the midth century, brought about a revolution in milk production and supply.

Individual railway firms began transporting milk from rural areas to London from the s and s. Possibly the first such instance was in, when St Thomas's Hospital in Southwark contracted with milk suppliers outside London to ship milk by rail.

By, the company was transporting over 25 million gallons annually. Urban demand began to grow, as consumer purchasing power increased and milk became regarded as a required daily commodity.

Over the last three decades of the 19th century, demand for milk in most parts of the country doubled, or in some cases, tripled. Legislation in made the adulteration of milk illegal - this combined with a marketing campaign to change the image of milk.

By that point, the supply system for milk was the most highly organized and integrated of any food product. The first glass bottle packaging for milk was used in the s. The first company to do so may have been the New York Dairy Company in The Express Dairy Company in England began glass bottle production in In, French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization, a method of killing harmful bacteria in beverages and food products.

Pasteurization was originally used as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring. Continued improvements in the efficiency of milk production led to a worldwide glut of milk by Russia and China became self-sufficient and stopped importing milk.

Importing milk is prohibited. The European Union theoretically stopped subsidizing dairy farming in The United States has a voluntary insurance program that pays farmers depending upon the price of milk and the cost of feed.

The females of all mammal species can by definition produce milk, but cow's milk dominates commercial production. In the Western world, cow's milk is produced on an industrial scale and is by far the most commonly consumed form of milk.

Commercial dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries. Dairy cattle such as the Holstein have been bred selectively for increased milk production.

Aside from cattle, many kinds of livestock provide milk used by humans for dairy products. These animals include buffalo, goat, sheep, camel, donkey, horse, reindeer and yak.

In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist. According to the US National Bison Association, American bison also called American buffalo are not milked commercially; [56] however, various sources report cows resulting from cross-breeding bison and domestic cattle are good milk producers, and have been used both during the European settlement of North America [57] and during the development of commercial Beefalo in the s and s.

Swine are almost never milked, even though their milk is similar to cow's milk and perfectly suitable for human consumption. The main reasons for this are that milking a sow's numerous small teats is very cumbersome, and that sows can't store their milk as cows can.

In, the largest producer of milk and milk products was India followed by the United States of America, China, Pakistan and Brazil. Increasing affluence in developing countries, as well as increased promotion of milk and milk products, has led to a rise in milk consumption in developing countries in recent years.

In turn, the opportunities presented by these growing markets have attracted investments by multinational dairy firms. Nevertheless, in many countries production remains on a small scale and presents significant opportunities for diversification of income sources by small farms.

The survey found that the average herd size in these developed countries increased from 74 to 99 cows per herd between and A dairy farm had an average of 19 cows per herd in Norway, and in New Zealand.

The milk yield per cow depended on production systems, nutrition of the cows, and only to a minor extent different genetic potential of the animals. What the cow ate made the most impact on the production obtained.

New Zealand cows with the lowest yield per year grazed all year, in contrast to Israel with the highest yield where the cows ate in barns with an energy-rich mixed diet. It was reported in that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of bio-fuel production for feed stocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased worldwide.

Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price. In the United States, there are two grades of milk, with grade A primarily used for direct sales and consumption in stores, and grade B used for indirect consumption, such as in cheese making or other processing.

The differences between the two grades are defined in the Wisconsin administrative code for Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection, chapter Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals.

The principal requirements are energy lipids, lactose, and protein, biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids supplied by proteins essential amino acids and amino groups, essential fatty acids, vitamins and inorganic elements, and water.

The pH of milk ranges from 6. Milk from other bovines and non-bovine mammals varies in composition, but has a similar pH. Initially milk fat is secreted in the form of a fat globule surrounded by a membrane.

These act as emulsifiers which keep the individual globules from coalescing and protect the contents of these globules from various enzymes in the fluid portion of the milk.

Unlike protein and carbohydrates, fat composition in milk varies widely in the composition due to genetic, lactational, and nutritional factor difference between different species.

Like composition, fat globules vary in size from less than 0. Diameter may also vary between animals within a species and at different times within a milking of a single animal.

In unhomogenized cow's milk, the fat globules have an average diameter of two to four micrometers and with homogenization, average around 0. Total proteins in milk represent 3.

The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are "casein micelles": Each casein micelle is roughly spherical and about a tenth of a micrometer across.

There are four different types of casein proteins: Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: These kappa-casein molecules all have a negative electrical charge and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable colloidal suspension in the water-based surrounding fluid.

Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins beside caseins and including enzymes. These other proteins are more water-soluble than caseins and do not form larger structures.

Because the proteins remain suspended in whey remaining when caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins. Lactoglobulin is the most common whey protein by a large margin.

Minerals or milk salts, are traditional names for a variety of cations and anions within bovine milk. Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, citrate, and chlorine are all included as minerals and they typically occur at concentration of 5—40 mM.

The milk salts strongly interact with casein, most notably calcium phosphate. It is present in excess and often, much greater excess of solubility of solid calcium phosphate.

For many years the most accepted theory of the structure of a micelle was that it was composed of spherical casein aggregates, called submicelles, that were held together by calcium phosphate linkages.

However, there are two recent models of the casein micelle that refute the distinct micellular structures within the micelle. The first theory attributed to de Kruif and Holt, proposes that nanoclusters of calcium phosphate and the phosphopeptide fraction of beta-casein are the centerpiece to micellular structure.

Specifically in this view, unstructured proteins organize around the calcium phosphate giving rise to their structure and thus no specific structure is formed. The second theory proposed by Horne, the growth of calcium phosphate nanoclusters begins the process of micelle formation but is limited by binding phosphopeptide loop regions of the caseins.

Once bound, protein-protein interactions are formed and polymerization occurs, in which K-casein is used as an end cap, to form micelles with trapped calcium phosphate nanoclusters.

Some sources indicate that the trapped calcium phosphate is in the form of Ca9 PO4 6; whereas, others say it is similar to the structure of the mineral brushite CaHPO4 -2H2O.

Milk contains several different carbohydrate including lactose, glucose, galactose, and other oligosaccharides. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose.

Bovine milk averages 4. Levels of lactose are dependent upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations that lactose in milks. Other components found in raw cow's milk are living white blood cells, mammary gland cells, various bacteria, and a large number of active enzymes.

Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds such as Guernsey and Jersey cattle to impart a golden or "creamy" hue to a glass of milk.

The riboflavin in the whey portion of milk has a greenish color, which sometimes can be discerned in skimmed milk or whey products. In most Western countries, centralized dairy facilities process milk and products obtained from milk, such as cream, butter, and cheese.

In the US, these dairies usually are local companies, while in the Southern Hemisphere facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations such as Fonterra. Pasteurization is used to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria by heating the milk for a short time and then immediately cooling it.

Types of pasteurized milk include full cream, reduced fat, skim milk, calcium enriched, flavoured, and UHT. A side effect of the heating of pasteurization is that some vitamin and mineral content is lost.

The loss of vitamin C is not nutritionally significant, as milk is not an important dietary source of vitamin C. Microfiltration is a process that partially replaces pasteurization and produces milk with fewer microorganisms and longer shelf life without a change in the taste of the milk.

In this process, cream is separated from the skimmed milk and is pasteurized in the usual way, but the skimmed milk is forced through ceramic microfilters that trap Ultrafiltration uses finer filters than microfiltration, which allow lactose and water to pass through while retaining fats, calcium and protein.

Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. The cream often is sold as a separate product with its own uses.

Today the separation of the cream from the milk usually is accomplished rapidly in centrifugal cream separators. The fat globules rise to the top of a container of milk because fat is less dense than water.

The smaller the globules, the more other molecular-level forces prevent this from happening. In fact, the cream rises in cow's milk much more quickly than a simple model would predict: The fat globules in milk from goats, sheep, and water buffalo do not form clusters as readily and are smaller to begin with, resulting in a slower separation of cream from these milks.

Milk often is homogenized, a treatment that prevents a cream layer from separating out of the milk. The milk is pumped at high pressures through very narrow tubes, breaking up the fat globules through turbulence and cavitation.

Casein micelles are attracted to the newly exposed fat surfaces. Nearly one-third of the micelles in the milk end up participating in this new membrane structure.

The casein weighs down the globules and interferes with the clustering that accelerated separation. The exposed fat globules are vulnerable to certain enzymes present in milk, which could break down the fats and produce rancid flavors.

To prevent this, the enzymes are inactivated by pasteurizing the milk immediately before or during homogenization. Homogenized milk tastes blander but feels creamier in the mouth than unhomogenized. It is whiter and more resistant to developing off flavors.

It may or may not have been pasteurized. Milk that has undergone high-pressure homogenization, sometimes labeled as "ultra-homogenized", has a longer shelf life than milk that has undergone ordinary homogenization at lower pressures.

The homogenization process increases the shelf life of milk because it decreases the radius of fat globules and other particles per stokes' law thus delaying the rate of agglomeration. Ultra Heat Treatment UHT, is a type of milk processing where all bacteria are destroyed with high heat to extend its shelf life for up to 6 months, as long as the package is not opened.

Milk is firstly homogenized and then is heated to degrees Celsius for 1—3 seconds. The milk is immediately cooled down and packed into a sterile container. As a result of this treatment, all the pathogenic bacteria within the milk are destroyed, unlike when the milk is just pasteurised.

The milk will now keep for up for 6 months if unopened. UHT milk does not need to be refrigerated until the package is opened, which makes it easier to ship and store. But in this process there is a loss of vitamin B1 and vitamin C and there is also a slight change in the taste of the milk.

The composition of milk differs widely among species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules, and the strength of the curd are among those that may vary.

The protein range for these four breeds is 3. Milk fat percentages may be manipulated by dairy farmers' stock diet formulation strategies. Mastitis infection can cause fat levels to decline.

Significant values are highlighted in light Gray color and bold letters. Processed cow's milk was formulated to contain differing amounts of fat during the s. The amount of calcium from milk that is absorbed by the human body is disputed.

Milk as a calcium source has been questioned in media, but scientific research is lacking to support the hypothesis of acidosis induced by milk. The hypothesis in question being that acidosis would lead to leeching of calcium storages in bones to neutralize pH levels also known as acid-ash hypothesis.

Research has found no link between metabolic acidosis and consumption of milk. This recommendation is disputed by some health researchers who call for more study of the issue, given that there are other sources for calcium and vitamin D.

The researchers also claim that the recommendations have been unduly influenced by the American dairy industry, [] and that whole milk may be better for health due to its increased ability to satiate hunger.

A review found evidence suggesting that consumption of milk is effective at promoting muscle growth. In, The Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published a meta-analysis examining whether milk consumption might protect against hip fracture in middle-aged and older adults.

Studies could find no association between drinking milk and lower rates of fractures. Subjects were asked to report on how much milk they had consumed as teenagers, and were followed to see if there is any association with a reduced chance of hip fractures later in life, it found there was not any.

Milk consumption in adults was associated with no protection for men, and an increased risk of fractures in women. The risk of any bone fracture increased 16 percent in women who drank three or more glasses daily, and the risk of a broken hip increased 60 percent.

It was also associated with an increased risk of death in both sexes. Milk and dairy products have the potential for causing serious infection in newborn infants.

Unpasteurized milk and cheeses can promote the growth of Listeria bacteria. Listeria monocytogenes can also cause serious infection in an infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to her infant in utero or after birth.

The infection has the potential of seriously harming or even causing the death of a preterm infant, an infant of low or very low birth weight, or an infant with an immune system defect or a congenital defect of the immune system.

The presence of this pathogen can sometimes be determined by the symptoms that appear as a gastrointestinal illness in the mother. The mother can also acquire infection from ingesting food that contains other animal products such as, hot dogs, delicatessen meats, and cheese.

Lactose, the disaccharide sugar component of all milk, must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme lactase, in order for its constituents, galactose and glucose, to be absorbed.

Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to not enough of the enzyme lactase in the small intestines. These may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea.

Severity depends on the amount a person eats or drinks. Lactose intolerance does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Primary lactose intolerance is when the amount of lactase decline as people age.

Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine such as from infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases. Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth.

The number of people with lactose intolerance is unknown. Some studies suggest that milk consumption may increase the risk of suffering from certain health problems. Cow's milk allergy CMA is an immunologically mediated adverse reaction, rarely fatal, to one or more cow's milk proteins.

Milk contains exogenous opioid peptides called exorphins which include opioid food peptides like Gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides. Exorphins mimic the actions of endorphines because they bind to the same opioid receptors in the brain.

The exorphin in milk is called casein, a substance that breaks down in the human stomach to produce the opioid peptide casomorphin. In the early s it was hypothesized that casomorphin can cause or aggravate autism spectrum disorders, [] [] and casein-free diets are widely promoted.

Studies supporting these claims have had significant flaws, and the data are inadequate to guide autism treatment recommendations. The most recent assessment by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research found that most individual epidemiological studies showed increased risk of prostate cancer with increased intake of milk or dairy products.

There is limited evidence suggesting that milk and dairy products are a cause of prostate cancer. Milk must be offered at every meal if a United States school district wishes to get reimbursement from the federal government.

Seventy-one percent of the milk served in US school cafeterias is flavored, causing some school districts to propose a ban because flavored milk has added sugars. Though some flavored milk products use artificial sweeteners instead.

The Boulder, Colorado, school district banned flavored milk in and instead installed a dispenser that keeps the milk colder. Cows produce bovine growth hormone naturally, but some producers administer an additional recombinant version of BGH which is produced through genetically engineered E.

Bovine growth hormone also stimulates liver production of insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF1. The US Food and Drug Administration, [] the National Institutes of Health [] and the World Health Organization [] have reported that both of these compounds are safe for human consumption at the amounts present.

On June 9, , the largest milk processor in the world and the two largest supermarkets in the United States — Dean Foods, Wal-Mart, and Kroger — announced that they are "on a nationwide search for rBGH-free milk.

Cows receiving rBGH supplements may more frequently contract an udder infection known as mastitis. Mastitis, among other diseases, may be responsible for the fact that levels of white blood cells in milk vary naturally.

Vegans and some other vegetarians do not consume milk for reasons mostly related to animal rights and environmental concerns. They may object to features of dairy farming including the necessity of keeping dairy cows pregnant, the killing of almost all the male offspring of dairy cows either by disposal soon after birth, for veal production, or for beef, the routine separation of mother and calf soon after birth, other perceived inhumane treatment of dairy cattle, and culling of cows after their productive lives.

Some have criticized the American government's promotion of milk consumption. Their main concern is the financial interest that the American government has taken in the dairy industry, promoting milk as the best source of calcium.

Milk production is also resource intensive. On a global weighted average, for the production of a given volume of milk, a thousand times as much water has to be used.

Milk preserved by the UHT process does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a much longer shelf life six months than milk in ordinary packaging. Lactose-free milk can be produced by passing milk over lactase enzyme bound to an inert carrier.

Once the molecule is cleaved, there are no lactose ill effects. The only noticeable difference from regular milk is a slightly sweeter taste due to the generation of glucose by lactose cleavage.

It does not, however, contain more glucose, and is nutritionally identical to regular milk. Lactose of low-lactose level cow's milk products, ranging from ice cream to cheese, is enzymatically hydrolysed into glucose and galactose.

The ultra-pasteurization process, combined with aseptic packaging, ensures a long shelf life. In, Valio launched a lactose-free milk drink that is not sweet like HYLA milk but has the fresh taste of ordinary milk.

Valio patented the chromatographic separation method to remove lactose. Valio also markets these products in Sweden, Estonia, Belgium, [] and the United States, where the company says ultrafiltration is used.

In the UK, where an estimated 4. Lactose-free and lactose-reduced milk can also be produced via ultra filtration, which removes smaller molecules such as lactose and water while leaving calcium and proteins behind.

Milk produced via these methods has a lower sugar content than regular milk. In areas where the cattle and often the people live indoors, commercially sold milk commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation.

Reduced-fat milks often have added vitamin A palmitate to compensate for the loss of the vitamin during fat removal; in the United States this results in reduced fat milks having a higher vitamin A content than whole milk.

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Am I a bad pet parent? Guess I will need to do more research. Does anyone else have this problem? I love WB cat litter. I scoop whenever I see anything in the boxes three boxes, two large cats and I have never seen any evidence of mold or anything yucky other than what the cats produce.

Fortunately, one of my cats often does his business outside — so I catch a break there. In fact, it encourages one to scoop more often since it can go straight into the toilet and is septic safe.

I have a I am not going to switch my cat litter because of a claim that can not even be confirmed as a cause of death in a few cats. I have 3 litter boxes — 2 of which are in bathrooms, another not in a bathroom — and is covered.

I clean them every morning as part of my routine before work. I love my cats more than anything — and would never put them in harms way. For all we know this could be someone from a clay litter company trying to get people to switch… If there was truly an issue, I would think we would have heard more about this by now.

This could be a concern as well. ALL of the corn in the U. My 18 year old sneezes periodically.. I have never had one single issue with it. Corona virus resides in all cats and most critters for that matter, but I bet you put the number of deaths due to FIP above above that of corn-based litter.

I will continue to use it because it is the best litter out there! It clumps well and the chlorophyll naturally eliminates odor. I scoop the box daily and clean and change the litter box about every two weeks.

I wonder what the pellets are made form. People who have enzyme deficiencies, causing body odor, get help taking chlorophyll. It helps absorb ammonia body odor.

So, i believe you there. The pellets are made of pressed alfalfa grass. I use the rabbit feed size alfalfa pellets which are smaller than the horse feed size alfalfa pellets. It is the best cat litter I have ever used: Scoop the litter box daily, and clean and change the box at least once a month.

I know this is an older post but can you please give me the name of the rabbit pellet you use as liter?? Too many to choose from 61st Wal-Mart online. Thank you so much! She still gets worse every time she walks about of Liter box room.

I think Mexico has organic, but Monsanto is trying to Bully-force them to grow gmo too. Check the site of Dr. Under pet articles by Dr. Becker you will find info to help your kitty immune system, specially for fighting cancer.

Mathias Rath talks about the benefit of Vitamin C. Check his articles too. I give Lysin C to my cats Dr. Rath brand beside Spirulina, Turmeric Mercola brand, brewer yeast from beats, pre and probiotics, mushrooms Mercola brand to improve their immune system against the risk of developing cancer caused by rabies vaccine.

I have 2 cats and 2 litter boxes. One cat refuses to use the litter boxes any more. I have read that walnuts are poisonous to dogs… could she be reacting to the walnut? Any and all suggestions are welcome!

We were breathing all the GMO corn dust too. I started using worlds best a couple months ago and suddenly my cat started vomiting daily. I concluded that the only change made to her routine was the litter, so I finally went back to her previous litter.

The vomiting stopped immediately. I am now seeing that many cat owners are running into this and it is due to mold spores developing in the corn based litter when moisture enters the equation.

I am very upset that this product was not more thoroughly tested and is causing illness and death in some instances. Read up on it…it even causes bug infestation.

But worse, you are putting your pet in danger by using it! Looks great for young guys but I have 10 — 16 lbs cats. It gives them more space to use esp. I switched to Worlds Best Corn Litter 2 months ago.

When she threw up 17 times I took her to the vet — they diagnosed her with pancreatitis with a blood test. They put her on meds and 10 days later an ultrasound was done showing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the small intestine which was slightly thickened.

They wanted to do a biopsy. I refused to put her through that. Then I read about the corn litter and now I am switching back to clay to see if that is some of this problem.

She really digs up the litter and covers her urine and feces for quite a while. I had a discussion about the differences between Corn and Clay litter with a friend of mine who also has one cat.

I was surprised because I used Tidy Cat and had a lot of dust. Thanks to all for your input. I cleaned 3 medium sized bags the other day and got almost 3 lbs of dust out of it before I was done.

Then store it in air tight containers — ready for use. Before I started to do this I would get ton of dust I on my hands and arms when I would spread it around in a clean box.

Yes it is all washed off when I am done — unlike cats who lick it off. If you want to try this method…get porch screening wide enough to make it like a big sifter…a clean litter box to sift it into ….

Pour it into a air tight storage container for later use. Do a couple of bags at a time. Used this on the walnut type of litter too to get this dust off out of it. Pour the dust in a bag and throw it out.

Clean out all the dust in the clean litter box again before you use it. This works quicker if you have 2 people holding the porch screen too — my husband helped and even he was amazed how fast this goes.

Hi Bonnie, Not sure if anyone every replied to your question about Breeze System. I have had it for almost two years…. I turned both of my sisters on to it and they both have older cats as well.

No mess, no dust, no smell, soooooooo easy. You must give it a try. And NO, I do not work for the company. First of all zeolites are NOT dangerous-they use it in the ag industry for animals to consume.

Fourth corn is not only an allergen but I do believe that it could grow mold in the litter box. The pellets will crumple when used. Guys, I have been a cat sitter for twenty four years.

I deal with all of the litters, good and bad. I have cared for close to a thousand cats over the years, with sitting as well as rescue volunteering. I agree with the poster re: Tidy Cat is next up for making cats really sick.

Also, as the poster said, you cannot see blood or irregularities, which is bad. Also, in multiple cat households, the cats cannot see the clumps well and sometimes get turned off and will avoid the box.

I can see where mold would occur if you leave the urine for more than 12 hours….. It is so easy to do. What is the issue with that?! I scoop at the very least fifteen times a day in my profession.

What is the big deal?! You HAVE to scoop it or you will hurl from the scent. The pine pellets seem ok too, as long as your cat will use them. With Integrity litter, some of the batches are too dusty, so watch out for that.

It and Cat Attract, if you have to go with a clay litter, are in my opinion, the very best. No litter is going to be perfect, there are some downsides to all of them. Also, all cats are individuals, so, of course, some may have issues with corn and wheat and pine.

BUT if you scoop a couple times a day and change out the litter at decent intervals you should be fine with at least one of the above natural products. Are they using only American materials or are they getting material from China?

ALL of these have caused horrid problems with cats I have known….. Anyway, that is my take on all of this. I am going to check out the green pea stuff as that sounds like a very viable option.

Thank you so much for that detailed list. I use the pine pellets, very messy, but my cats are using it, and it is very inexpensive. I really like the new Smart Cat grass seed litter.

No dust, clumps so well, and environmentally sustainable. We just have to get the price down some. Grass seed litter sounds interesting. Where do you buy it? I wonder if cats could be allergic to the seed or just grass itself.

Any suggestion for a cat that has respiratory issues. Asthma cat developed Nasal cancer in feb. We just put her down 3 wks ago. It became too much to breathe for her.

Ask your vet for a nasal cleaner. Our vet recommended me use Saline Wash for nasal by Little Remedies. I buy at drug store or grocery. Also, avoiding common cat food allergies like chicken, beef, fish, etc that affect YOUR cat and foods that have peas, carageenan, yeast and grains.

Grain-Free is a must for cats. Good luck with your fur baby. Also, for our remaining two cats, we use Yesterdays news litter. I got rid of the dust problem …but it does not clump well.

So back goes the dust into the litter. I sifted it too…but had to throw the dust back into because I think it is the clumping agent too. I have one cat that has horrible respiratory issues and I do think the litter makes it worse.

How I wish all my kids would just go outside and just use the litters when they have too. Talk about being set in their ways…………. After years of dealing with my one cat with sneezes, she started having blood in her snot it is what it is!

So she went in, put asleep, bad tooth removed, clavamox. Snot, blood and sneezy getting nastier. So did she have nasal cancer or what. No antibotics for 7 days and had her put asleep to get a culture of her nasal secretions and sent them to the lab.

Lab came back…no cancer…Pseudomonas Aeruginosa…. How many antibiotics have I put in her to fix this over the years.. And she has kidney issues where I need to give her fluids - so this is an expensive cat — but one of our favorites ….

Now get to the point…. She is night and day…since we started the correct drug. When do u decided you should culture this …. The Vet was concerned about the food I have her on.

Of course he wanted me to put her on their prescription diet 18 months ago …but I kept her on the one that we had found thru Susan…even though it is not manufactured here but overseas in T. But she has never lost weight till this past week.

She stop eating dry food when we changed to this. No comment on this question How long has the cat had this bacteria in her system and her immune system fought this until now.

Here is the bottom …. If you have a cat with sinus issues …herpes issues,…. I have spent this over and over and over the past couple of years. I should have done this years ago.

And this is not an easy fix either. But, at least I know what I am dealing with now. And make sure that any drug that is suggested to be used…that there are no adverse issues if you kitty has any other issue such as kidney.

The Vet got the blue book of drugs out to check on the drug we are using. Sorry you are dealing with this. Beautiful black kitty, funny with so much personality. Our 2 remaining cats are doing great on Yesterdays News Litter.

It is a natural wood litter made from reclaimed wood. First thought that comes to in what kind of reclaimed wood, because i called Yesterdays News Litter that we use now, after reading that they use reclaimed wood from wood shops combined WITH recycled newspaper.

They said they do not use Pine wood, which bothers many cats and can cause respiratory issues. Make sure the reclaimed wood was never treated or painted etc.. Let us know what you find.

Specific to our paper pellet cat litter, I also want to stress that there is no post-consumer waste, ink or other contaminants. It take diligence on our part across several dynamics of variability but that is simply a part of embracing a sustainability model Is this a bunch of whoooie…….

I have a cat that is licking his hair off again this spring…he never uses the kitty litter…he goes outside …. I was using corn husk stuff and on advice from shelter workers, I now have the newspaper kind.

My cat was having chronic respiratory issues upper and lower for over a year. He was blowing out green and yellow stuff from his nose and coughing like he had bronchitis.

There are youtube videos about feline asthma, and he was displaying the same symptoms. I do not believe in giving steroids as they only mask the problem and open the body up for more issues.

I decided to devote my focus to figuring out what this could be. I truly believe and have witnessed the body can heal itself so I kept an open mind and went to work. My other cat was not having issues so I really thought it was an infection but soon realized it could be an allergy or just a reaction to something within the house.

I tried a different diet from Natural Pet and while I feel the food is superior, my kitty still had his issues. When i wiped it up, it would turn into paste. I read this thread and a few others and decided I would go on a search for a healthy cat litter.

I was ready to dump all of it and just outside and get some dirt because my poor kitty needed help! I read all the reviews on amazon and decided to give it a try. I had been doing this prior to changing the litter.

This regimen seems to be working. I will report back in a few months with an update. Just read your post and am wondering how your kitty is now? I have been doing tons of research - long story.

I spoke with someone today from Pioneer Pet Products, and asked if the grass was sprayed with pesticides. She gave me a rather indirect answer, and said that it is grown like any other crop is here in the U.

Okay, so we need to read between the lines. The crops are sprayed with Round-up and whatever else they use; I recently read that with the top 10 worst fruits to eat that are not organic, they can use up to 50 different pesticides!

I cannot imagine this litter being a healthy and safe litter for this reason! I would love to hear back from you! Dear Kathi, I am wondering how your cat is doing now?

I have been doing tons of research lately — long story. I called this company today and asked if the grass crops are sprayed with pesticides; she gave me a rather indirect answer, and said that the crops are grown like any other crop in the U.

I recently read that on the top ten worst fruits to eat, they are sprayed with not one but over fifty different pesticides, so who knows what these grass crops are sprayed with!

My little Shiz tzu died on Aug 5th and she was always looking for crumbs on the floor which includes the corn that my cat tracked out of his box. She was being treated for cancer and it was in remission but her immune system was suppressed and eating the litter might have been toxic whatever it was it killed her in less than 12 hrs.

I think I will try smart cat grass from all comments it seems like the one that will do the least harm. I will spread the word. GMO-Free facebook groups share to avoid this litter too.

GMO corn is known to affect adrenals and kidneys in lab animals. I wish they would ban it. Becker on Facebook and youtube she is Dr. The results after 2 days: I hate taking pills and vinegar will flush most things out…..

I believe the other product is similar or the same food grade diatomaceous earth mixed with montmorillonite clay. I bought a grass shower mat and put an old bathroom rug under it to help retain the mess and it works quite well.

My kitty jumped up on the bed with the yellow powder all over the side of his face, which I cleaned off of him, which prompted my concern. We are so careful about what we eat and what we feed our kitties, but I never knew the dangers lurking from the litter!

I pray for those who disregard the warnings from everyone above; the fact is that GMOs and pesticides cause cancer and all kinds of other diseases. Look up the You Tube video of rats fed GMOs, and notice the massive tumors that grew all over their bodies.

I was told by a local farmer that the GMO corn has the pesticides right in it - if an insect eats it, it literally blows up, and if animals eat it, over time it causes the same condition that humans deal with - leaky gut syndrome, which is literally an eating away of the inside of the intestines over time, causing tears in the intestinal walls, and complete deterioration of the GI system.

My heart goes out to all of you have lost your precious babies, too, or who are dealing with chronic health issues. No one ever suggested it could be an issue with the litter, and I simply trusted that it was okay since all of the health food stores carry it as do the holistic pet food stores.

It is only now, after reading each and every comment that I beat myself up for my ignorance; if only I had known this when we were first told about WB from the local Holistic Pet Food Store.

Currently, one of our cats has been sneezing excessively, and had issues with periodic vomiting which I though was from getting into a house plant. Thankfully those are the only symptoms in our three boys, however, it is the long term effects that we need to be concerned about, particularly for the kidneys as well as in developing cancer.

I just lost my fourth baby; she had been diagnosed with the start of kidney failure three years ago. Though she lived to be 21, her litter mate was the first to die at age 9. I lost their brother a year later 8 , and their other brother the year after that 7.

Their lives were cut way too short. People wondered if it was something in our water. I suspected the vaccines at the time. I just switched to walnut, for now, as anything is better than the WB.

By the way, the one made from recycled newspapers cannot be good, as newspaper ink is known to be loaded with the heavy metal mercury, which is a known neurotoxin that causes a whole host of horrible diseases Read Dr.

He saved my life! Also, the one made from grass is no good either, as their crops are sprayed, too! I called them today and was given a rather indirect answer; she said that the grass crops are grown like any other crop here in the U.

I recently read that the top 10 worst non-organic fruits to eat are sprayed with not one, but over 50 pesticides! Therefore, this is not a safe alternative for our babies to be ingesting!

There has to be a safe alternative out there and I am determined to find the answer. My concern with the walnut based litter, though they assured me that it is chemical-free, is that it is yet another crop that can be sprayed or made from GMOs.

I spoke with them also, and was told that they do not have the proper certification to be labelled GMO free and organic. There is nothing on their website that says it is GMO free.

Cat poop is natural, so that label means nothing to me. They claim that it contains no chemicals, toxins or harmful ingredients. I would appreciate suggestions for other safe alternatives as well as any information regarding the safety of the walnut based litter.

I will repost upon completion of further research. I hate WB and found this the other day. I saw some comments by people who bought the Biochar and they said their house is now black and so r their cats.

Finally got the Breeze kitty litter to try. Was going to throw it away until some of my cats started to use it. The pee pads may be expensive but better than having them in the kitty litter all the time.

Could I recreate this w the 3 layer kitty litter system and a baby diaper for the pad and using twice as much in pellets…hmmmm …really thinking about this.

I posted this above as well but it seems relevant to your post. If you find an alternative please let me know! With my fourth cat who is now 9 I decided to go with Blue walnut litter.

The litter was also still on her paws when she arrived at the vet! The vet is convinced this contributed to if not caused the constipation. It is likely she had similar minor episodes in the past.

So we are switching back to a good clumping litter again, hoping it will be less likely to stick to her paws. Shelly …do u have an update on your cat and the bowel blockage.

I use the walnut mixed w World Best. Hope you were able to get her upblocked. Has anybody had issues with the mold toxins in corn cob cat litter causing hallucinations in their cats?

My cat suddenly developed a paralyzing fear of my televisions, and the only thing that had changed was his cat litter. I switched from Tidy Cat clumping litter clay litter to Litter Maid clumping litter corn cob litter and within a day or two of my using that, he was terrified of the televisions, and would not come out of hiding while the televisions were on.

These animals include buffalo, goat, sheep, camel, donkey, horse, reindeer and yak. In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist. According to the US National Bison Association, American bison also called American buffalo are not milked commercially; [56] however, various sources report cows resulting from cross-breeding bison and domestic cattle are good milk producers, and have been used both during the European settlement of North America [57] and during the development of commercial Beefalo in the s and s.

Swine are almost never milked, even though their milk is similar to cow's milk and perfectly suitable for human consumption. The main reasons for this are that milking a sow's numerous small teats is very cumbersome, and that sows can't store their milk as cows can.

In, the largest producer of milk and milk products was India followed by the United States of America, China, Pakistan and Brazil. Increasing affluence in developing countries, as well as increased promotion of milk and milk products, has led to a rise in milk consumption in developing countries in recent years.

In turn, the opportunities presented by these growing markets have attracted investments by multinational dairy firms. Nevertheless, in many countries production remains on a small scale and presents significant opportunities for diversification of income sources by small farms.

The survey found that the average herd size in these developed countries increased from 74 to 99 cows per herd between and A dairy farm had an average of 19 cows per herd in Norway, and in New Zealand.

The milk yield per cow depended on production systems, nutrition of the cows, and only to a minor extent different genetic potential of the animals. What the cow ate made the most impact on the production obtained.

New Zealand cows with the lowest yield per year grazed all year, in contrast to Israel with the highest yield where the cows ate in barns with an energy-rich mixed diet. It was reported in that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of bio-fuel production for feed stocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased worldwide.

Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price.

In the United States, there are two grades of milk, with grade A primarily used for direct sales and consumption in stores, and grade B used for indirect consumption, such as in cheese making or other processing.

The differences between the two grades are defined in the Wisconsin administrative code for Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection, chapter Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals.

The principal requirements are energy lipids, lactose, and protein, biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids supplied by proteins essential amino acids and amino groups, essential fatty acids, vitamins and inorganic elements, and water.

The pH of milk ranges from 6. Milk from other bovines and non-bovine mammals varies in composition, but has a similar pH. Initially milk fat is secreted in the form of a fat globule surrounded by a membrane.

These act as emulsifiers which keep the individual globules from coalescing and protect the contents of these globules from various enzymes in the fluid portion of the milk. Unlike protein and carbohydrates, fat composition in milk varies widely in the composition due to genetic, lactational, and nutritional factor difference between different species.

Like composition, fat globules vary in size from less than 0. Diameter may also vary between animals within a species and at different times within a milking of a single animal. In unhomogenized cow's milk, the fat globules have an average diameter of two to four micrometers and with homogenization, average around 0.

Total proteins in milk represent 3. The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are "casein micelles": Each casein micelle is roughly spherical and about a tenth of a micrometer across.

There are four different types of casein proteins: Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: These kappa-casein molecules all have a negative electrical charge and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable colloidal suspension in the water-based surrounding fluid.

Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins beside caseins and including enzymes. These other proteins are more water-soluble than caseins and do not form larger structures.

Because the proteins remain suspended in whey remaining when caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins. Lactoglobulin is the most common whey protein by a large margin.

Minerals or milk salts, are traditional names for a variety of cations and anions within bovine milk. Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, citrate, and chlorine are all included as minerals and they typically occur at concentration of 5—40 mM.

The milk salts strongly interact with casein, most notably calcium phosphate. It is present in excess and often, much greater excess of solubility of solid calcium phosphate. For many years the most accepted theory of the structure of a micelle was that it was composed of spherical casein aggregates, called submicelles, that were held together by calcium phosphate linkages.

However, there are two recent models of the casein micelle that refute the distinct micellular structures within the micelle. The first theory attributed to de Kruif and Holt, proposes that nanoclusters of calcium phosphate and the phosphopeptide fraction of beta-casein are the centerpiece to micellular structure.

Specifically in this view, unstructured proteins organize around the calcium phosphate giving rise to their structure and thus no specific structure is formed. The second theory proposed by Horne, the growth of calcium phosphate nanoclusters begins the process of micelle formation but is limited by binding phosphopeptide loop regions of the caseins.

Once bound, protein-protein interactions are formed and polymerization occurs, in which K-casein is used as an end cap, to form micelles with trapped calcium phosphate nanoclusters.

Some sources indicate that the trapped calcium phosphate is in the form of Ca9 PO4 6; whereas, others say it is similar to the structure of the mineral brushite CaHPO4 -2H2O.

Milk contains several different carbohydrate including lactose, glucose, galactose, and other oligosaccharides. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose.

Bovine milk averages 4. Levels of lactose are dependent upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations that lactose in milks. Other components found in raw cow's milk are living white blood cells, mammary gland cells, various bacteria, and a large number of active enzymes.

Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds such as Guernsey and Jersey cattle to impart a golden or "creamy" hue to a glass of milk.

The riboflavin in the whey portion of milk has a greenish color, which sometimes can be discerned in skimmed milk or whey products. In most Western countries, centralized dairy facilities process milk and products obtained from milk, such as cream, butter, and cheese.

In the US, these dairies usually are local companies, while in the Southern Hemisphere facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations such as Fonterra.

Pasteurization is used to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria by heating the milk for a short time and then immediately cooling it. Types of pasteurized milk include full cream, reduced fat, skim milk, calcium enriched, flavoured, and UHT.

A side effect of the heating of pasteurization is that some vitamin and mineral content is lost. The loss of vitamin C is not nutritionally significant, as milk is not an important dietary source of vitamin C.

Microfiltration is a process that partially replaces pasteurization and produces milk with fewer microorganisms and longer shelf life without a change in the taste of the milk.

In this process, cream is separated from the skimmed milk and is pasteurized in the usual way, but the skimmed milk is forced through ceramic microfilters that trap Ultrafiltration uses finer filters than microfiltration, which allow lactose and water to pass through while retaining fats, calcium and protein.

Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. The cream often is sold as a separate product with its own uses.

Today the separation of the cream from the milk usually is accomplished rapidly in centrifugal cream separators. The fat globules rise to the top of a container of milk because fat is less dense than water.

The smaller the globules, the more other molecular-level forces prevent this from happening. In fact, the cream rises in cow's milk much more quickly than a simple model would predict: The fat globules in milk from goats, sheep, and water buffalo do not form clusters as readily and are smaller to begin with, resulting in a slower separation of cream from these milks.

Milk often is homogenized, a treatment that prevents a cream layer from separating out of the milk. The milk is pumped at high pressures through very narrow tubes, breaking up the fat globules through turbulence and cavitation.

Casein micelles are attracted to the newly exposed fat surfaces. Nearly one-third of the micelles in the milk end up participating in this new membrane structure.

The casein weighs down the globules and interferes with the clustering that accelerated separation. The exposed fat globules are vulnerable to certain enzymes present in milk, which could break down the fats and produce rancid flavors.

To prevent this, the enzymes are inactivated by pasteurizing the milk immediately before or during homogenization. Homogenized milk tastes blander but feels creamier in the mouth than unhomogenized.

It is whiter and more resistant to developing off flavors. It may or may not have been pasteurized. Milk that has undergone high-pressure homogenization, sometimes labeled as "ultra-homogenized", has a longer shelf life than milk that has undergone ordinary homogenization at lower pressures.

The homogenization process increases the shelf life of milk because it decreases the radius of fat globules and other particles per stokes' law thus delaying the rate of agglomeration.

Ultra Heat Treatment UHT, is a type of milk processing where all bacteria are destroyed with high heat to extend its shelf life for up to 6 months, as long as the package is not opened.

Milk is firstly homogenized and then is heated to degrees Celsius for 1—3 seconds. The milk is immediately cooled down and packed into a sterile container. As a result of this treatment, all the pathogenic bacteria within the milk are destroyed, unlike when the milk is just pasteurised.

The milk will now keep for up for 6 months if unopened. UHT milk does not need to be refrigerated until the package is opened, which makes it easier to ship and store. But in this process there is a loss of vitamin B1 and vitamin C and there is also a slight change in the taste of the milk.

The composition of milk differs widely among species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules, and the strength of the curd are among those that may vary.

The protein range for these four breeds is 3. Milk fat percentages may be manipulated by dairy farmers' stock diet formulation strategies. Mastitis infection can cause fat levels to decline.

Significant values are highlighted in light Gray color and bold letters. Processed cow's milk was formulated to contain differing amounts of fat during the s. The amount of calcium from milk that is absorbed by the human body is disputed.

Milk as a calcium source has been questioned in media, but scientific research is lacking to support the hypothesis of acidosis induced by milk. The hypothesis in question being that acidosis would lead to leeching of calcium storages in bones to neutralize pH levels also known as acid-ash hypothesis.

Research has found no link between metabolic acidosis and consumption of milk. This recommendation is disputed by some health researchers who call for more study of the issue, given that there are other sources for calcium and vitamin D.

The researchers also claim that the recommendations have been unduly influenced by the American dairy industry, [] and that whole milk may be better for health due to its increased ability to satiate hunger.

A review found evidence suggesting that consumption of milk is effective at promoting muscle growth. In, The Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published a meta-analysis examining whether milk consumption might protect against hip fracture in middle-aged and older adults.

Studies could find no association between drinking milk and lower rates of fractures. Subjects were asked to report on how much milk they had consumed as teenagers, and were followed to see if there is any association with a reduced chance of hip fractures later in life, it found there was not any.

Milk consumption in adults was associated with no protection for men, and an increased risk of fractures in women. The risk of any bone fracture increased 16 percent in women who drank three or more glasses daily, and the risk of a broken hip increased 60 percent.

It was also associated with an increased risk of death in both sexes. Milk and dairy products have the potential for causing serious infection in newborn infants.

Unpasteurized milk and cheeses can promote the growth of Listeria bacteria. Listeria monocytogenes can also cause serious infection in an infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to her infant in utero or after birth.

The infection has the potential of seriously harming or even causing the death of a preterm infant, an infant of low or very low birth weight, or an infant with an immune system defect or a congenital defect of the immune system.

The presence of this pathogen can sometimes be determined by the symptoms that appear as a gastrointestinal illness in the mother. The mother can also acquire infection from ingesting food that contains other animal products such as, hot dogs, delicatessen meats, and cheese.

Lactose, the disaccharide sugar component of all milk, must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme lactase, in order for its constituents, galactose and glucose, to be absorbed. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to not enough of the enzyme lactase in the small intestines.

These may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. Severity depends on the amount a person eats or drinks. Lactose intolerance does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract.

Primary lactose intolerance is when the amount of lactase decline as people age. Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine such as from infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases.

Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth. The number of people with lactose intolerance is unknown.

Some studies suggest that milk consumption may increase the risk of suffering from certain health problems. Cow's milk allergy CMA is an immunologically mediated adverse reaction, rarely fatal, to one or more cow's milk proteins.

Milk contains exogenous opioid peptides called exorphins which include opioid food peptides like Gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides. Exorphins mimic the actions of endorphines because they bind to the same opioid receptors in the brain.

The exorphin in milk is called casein, a substance that breaks down in the human stomach to produce the opioid peptide casomorphin. In the early s it was hypothesized that casomorphin can cause or aggravate autism spectrum disorders, [] [] and casein-free diets are widely promoted.

Studies supporting these claims have had significant flaws, and the data are inadequate to guide autism treatment recommendations. The most recent assessment by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research found that most individual epidemiological studies showed increased risk of prostate cancer with increased intake of milk or dairy products.

There is limited evidence suggesting that milk and dairy products are a cause of prostate cancer. Milk must be offered at every meal if a United States school district wishes to get reimbursement from the federal government.

Seventy-one percent of the milk served in US school cafeterias is flavored, causing some school districts to propose a ban because flavored milk has added sugars. Though some flavored milk products use artificial sweeteners instead.

The Boulder, Colorado, school district banned flavored milk in and instead installed a dispenser that keeps the milk colder. Cows produce bovine growth hormone naturally, but some producers administer an additional recombinant version of BGH which is produced through genetically engineered E.

Bovine growth hormone also stimulates liver production of insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF1. The US Food and Drug Administration, [] the National Institutes of Health [] and the World Health Organization [] have reported that both of these compounds are safe for human consumption at the amounts present.

On June 9, , the largest milk processor in the world and the two largest supermarkets in the United States — Dean Foods, Wal-Mart, and Kroger — announced that they are "on a nationwide search for rBGH-free milk.

Cows receiving rBGH supplements may more frequently contract an udder infection known as mastitis. Mastitis, among other diseases, may be responsible for the fact that levels of white blood cells in milk vary naturally.

Vegans and some other vegetarians do not consume milk for reasons mostly related to animal rights and environmental concerns. They may object to features of dairy farming including the necessity of keeping dairy cows pregnant, the killing of almost all the male offspring of dairy cows either by disposal soon after birth, for veal production, or for beef, the routine separation of mother and calf soon after birth, other perceived inhumane treatment of dairy cattle, and culling of cows after their productive lives.

Some have criticized the American government's promotion of milk consumption. Their main concern is the financial interest that the American government has taken in the dairy industry, promoting milk as the best source of calcium.

Milk production is also resource intensive. On a global weighted average, for the production of a given volume of milk, a thousand times as much water has to be used.

Milk preserved by the UHT process does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a much longer shelf life six months than milk in ordinary packaging. Lactose-free milk can be produced by passing milk over lactase enzyme bound to an inert carrier.

Once the molecule is cleaved, there are no lactose ill effects. The only noticeable difference from regular milk is a slightly sweeter taste due to the generation of glucose by lactose cleavage.

It does not, however, contain more glucose, and is nutritionally identical to regular milk. Lactose of low-lactose level cow's milk products, ranging from ice cream to cheese, is enzymatically hydrolysed into glucose and galactose.

The ultra-pasteurization process, combined with aseptic packaging, ensures a long shelf life. In, Valio launched a lactose-free milk drink that is not sweet like HYLA milk but has the fresh taste of ordinary milk.

Valio patented the chromatographic separation method to remove lactose. Valio also markets these products in Sweden, Estonia, Belgium, [] and the United States, where the company says ultrafiltration is used.

In the UK, where an estimated 4. Lactose-free and lactose-reduced milk can also be produced via ultra filtration, which removes smaller molecules such as lactose and water while leaving calcium and proteins behind.

Milk produced via these methods has a lower sugar content than regular milk. In areas where the cattle and often the people live indoors, commercially sold milk commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation.

Reduced-fat milks often have added vitamin A palmitate to compensate for the loss of the vitamin during fat removal; in the United States this results in reduced fat milks having a higher vitamin A content than whole milk.

Milk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. Chocolate milk has been sold for many years and has been followed more recently by strawberry milk and others.

Some nutritionists have criticized flavored milk for adding sugar, usually in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, to the diets of children who are already commonly obese in the US.

Due to the short shelf life of normal milk, it used to be delivered to households daily in many countries; however, improved refrigeration at home, changing food shopping patterns because of supermarkets, and the higher cost of home delivery mean that daily deliveries by a milkman are no longer available in most countries.

In Australia and New Zealand, prior to metrication, milk was generally distributed in 1 pint ml glass bottles. With the conversion to metric measures, the milk industry were concerned that the replacement of the pint bottles with ml bottles would result in a With time, due to the steadily increasing cost of collecting, transporting, storing and cleaning glass bottles, they were replaced by cardboard cartons.

A number of designs were used, including a tetrahedron which could be close-packed without waste space, and could not be knocked over accidentally. No more crying over spilt milk. However, the industry eventually settled on a design similar to that used in the United States.

A significant addition to the marketplace has been "long-life" milk UHT, generally available in 1 and 2 liter rectangular cardboard cartons. In urban and suburban areas where there is sufficient demand, home delivery is still available, though in suburban areas this is often 3 times per week rather than daily.

Another significant and popular addition to the marketplace has been flavored milks — for example, as mentioned above, Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola in South Australia.

In rural India, milk is home delivered, daily, by local milkmen carrying bulk quantities in a metal container, usually on a bicycle. In other parts of metropolitan India, milk is usually bought or delivered in plastic bags or cartons via shops or supermarkets.

The current milk chain flow in India is from milk producer to milk collection agent. Then it is transported to a milk chilling center and bulk transported to the processing plant, then to the sales agent and finally to the consumer.

A survey by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India found that nearly 70 per cent of samples had not conformed to the standards set for milk. The study found that due to lack of hygiene and sanitation in milk handling and packaging, detergents used during cleaning operations were not washed properly and found their way into the milk.

About eight per cent of samples in the survey were found to have detergents, which are hazardous to health. In Pakistan, milk is supplied in jugs. Milk has been a staple food, especially among the pastoral tribes in this country.

Since the late s, milk-buying patterns have changed drastically in the UK. The classic milkman, who travels his local milk round route using a milk float often battery powered during the early hours and delivers milk in 1 pint glass bottles with aluminium foil tops directly to households, has almost disappeared.

Two of the main reasons for the decline of UK home deliveries by milkmen are household refrigerators which lessen the need for daily milk deliveries and private car usage which has increased supermarket shopping.

Another factor is that it is cheaper to purchase milk from a supermarket than from home delivery. In, more than 2. Milk is hardly ever sold in glass bottles in UK shops.

In the United States, glass milk bottles have been replaced mostly with milk cartons and plastic jugs. Gallons of milk are almost always sold in jugs, while half gallons and quarts may be found in both paper cartons and plastic jugs, and smaller sizes are almost always in cartons.

Glass milk bottles are now rare. Most people purchase milk in bags, plastic bottles, or plastic-coated paper cartons. Ultraviolet UV light from fluorescent lighting can alter the flavor of milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent containers are now using thicker materials that block the UV light.

Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants:. Commonly sold in 1 liter bags and cardboard boxes. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured.

When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns " sour ". This is the result of fermentation, where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose in the milk into lactic acid. Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume.

This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures e. The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and causes the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency.

Some of these products include sour cream, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir, and kumis. See Dairy product for more information. Pasteurization of cow's milk initially destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf life, [ citation needed ] but eventually results in spoilage that makes it unsuitable for consumption.

This causes it to assume an unpleasant odor, and the milk is deemed non-consumable due to unpleasant taste and an increased risk of food poisoning. In raw milk, the presence of lactic acid-producing bacteria, under suitable conditions, ferments the lactose present to lactic acid.

The increasing acidity in turn prevents the growth of other organisms, or slows their growth significantly. During pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed.

Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from factory farms to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature UHT treatment.

Milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened but has a characteristic "cooked" taste. Condensed milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored in cans for many years, unrefrigerated, as can evaporated milk.

The most durable form of milk is powdered milk, which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. Freezing of milk can cause fat globule aggregation upon thawing, resulting in milky layers and butterfat lumps.

These can be dispersed again by warming and stirring the milk. Milk is used to make yogurt, cheese, ice milk, pudding, hot chocolate and french toast. Milk is often added to dry breakfast cereal, porridge and granola.

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